A Volume-Limited Sample of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Construction, Space Density, and a Gap in the L/T Transition

Abstract

We present a new volume-limited sample of L0-T8 dwarfs out to 25 pc defined entirely by parallaxes, using our recent measurements from UKIRT/WFCAM along with Gaia DR2 and literature parallaxes. With 369 members, our sample is the largest parallax-defined volume-limited sample of L and T dwarfs to date, yielding the most precise space densities for such objects. We find the local L0-T8 dwarf population includes $5.5\%\pm 1.3\%$ young objects ($\lesssim$200 Myr) and $2.6\%\pm 1.6\%$ subdwarfs, as expected from recent studies favoring representative ages $\lesssim$4 Gyr for the ultracool field population. This is also the first volume-limited sample to comprehensively map the transition from L to T dwarfs (spectral types $\approx$L8-T4). After removing binaries, we identify a previously unrecognized, statistically significant (>4.4$\sigma$) gap $\approx$0.5 mag wide in $(J-K{)}_{\mathrm{MKO}}$ colors in the L/T transition, i.e., a lack of such objects in our volume-limited sample, implying a rapid phase of atmospheric evolution. In contrast, the most successful models of the L/T transition to date $-$ the "hybrid" models of Saumon & Marley (2008) $-$ predict a pile-up of objects at the same colors where we find a deficit, demonstrating the challenge of modeling the atmospheres of cooling brown dwarfs. Our sample illustrates the insights to come from even larger parallax-selected samples from the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by the Vera Rubin Obsevatory.

arXiv commentAJ, in press. 71 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables. Data for all members of the volume-limited sample can be found in the UltracoolSheet at http://bit.ly/UltracoolSheet , a compilation of 3000+ ultracool dwarfs and imaged exoplanets, including photometry, J2000 positions, parallaxes, proper motions, multiplicity, and spectroscopic classifications from multiple surveys and numerous sources

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• Ultracool Dwarfs Observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. II. Emergence and Sedimentation of Silicate Clouds in L Dwarfs, and Analysis of the Full M5--T9 Field Dwarf Spectroscopic Sample
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged Inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep
• Direct Imaging Discovery and Dynamical Mass of a Substellar Companion Orbiting an Accelerating Hyades Sun-like Star with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• The Fifth Catalogue of Nearby Stars (CNS5)
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-Dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: Discovery and Characterization of HIP 21152 B, the First T-Dwarf Companion in the Hyades
• Roaring Storms in the Planetary-Mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b: Hubble Space Telescope Multi-epoch Monitoring Reveals Vigorous Evolution in an Ultra-cool Atmosphere
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. II. Atmospheric Properties of 55 Late-T Dwarfs
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Methodology and Benchmarking
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• The cool brown dwarf Gliese 229 B is a close binary
• Periodic Radio Emission from the T8 Dwarf WISE J062309.94-045624.6
• CatNorth: An Improved Gaia DR3 Quasar Candidate Catalog with Pan-STARRS1 and CatWISE
• VIRAC2: NIR Astrometry and Time Series Photometry for 500M+ Stars from the VVV and VVVX Surveys
• Photometric follow-up of 43 new eclipsing white dwarf plus main-sequence binaries from the ZTF survey
• The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey (MASS): Discovery of a Long-Period Substellar Companion Orbiting the Old Solar Analog HD 47127
• The Oceanus Moving Group: A New 500 Myr-Old Host for the Nearest Brown Dwarf
• Polarised radio pulsations from a new T dwarf binary
• Redder than Red: Discovery of an Exceptionally Red L/T Transition Dwarf
• A Mixture of LBG Overdensities in the Fields of Three $6<z<7$ Quasars: Implications for the Robustness of Photometric Selection
• JWST unveils the brown dwarf sequence of 47 Tucanae
• Rogue planets and brown dwarfs: Predicting the populations of free-floating planetary mass objects observable with JWST
• Impacts of Water Latent Heat on the Thermal Structure of Ultra-Cool Objects: Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• Joint Survey Processing I: Compact oddballs in the COSMOS field -- low-luminosity Quasars at z > 6?
• Spectral characterization of young LT dwarfs
• LSST Survey Strategies and Brown Dwarf Parallaxes
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry I: Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
• The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models VI. Red Diamondback: Extending Diamondback with SPHINX for Brown Dwarf Early Evolution
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• Long-term 4.6$\mu$m Variability in Brown Dwarfs and a New Technique for Identifying Brown Dwarf Binary Candidates
• Optical constraints on the coldest metal-poor population
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry II: Demographics of Nearby Brown Dwarfs
• New ultracool dwarf candidates from multi-epoch WISE data
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• Diversity of Cold Worlds: A Near Complete Spectral Energy Distribution for 2MASS J04151954-0935066 using JWST
• Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion
• The Sonora Brown Dwarf Atmosphere and Evolution Models I. Model Description and Application to Cloudless Atmospheres in Rainout Chemical Equilibrium
• HD 143811 AB b: A Directly Imaged Planet Orbiting a Spectroscopic Binary in Sco-Cen
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• Research Programs Arising from 'Oumuamua Considered as an Alien Craft
• SDSS J100711.74+193056.2: A Candidate Common Motion Substellar Companion to the Nearest B-Type Star Regulus
• Benchmark brown dwarfs -- I. A blue M2 + T5 wide binary and a probable young [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] hierarchical quadruple
• Atmospheric model-trained machine learning selection and classification of ultracool TY dwarfs
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• Identifying and characterizing ultracool dwarfs ejected from post-encounter disintegrating systems
• Discovery of 34 low-mass comoving systems using NOIRLab Source Catalog DR2
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• The Directly-Imaged Exoplanet Host Star 51 Eridani is a Gamma Doradus Pulsator
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• JWST observations of 47 Tucanae: I. The low-mass main sequence down to the hydrogen-burning limit