A Unified Near Infrared Spectral Classification Scheme for T Dwarfs

Abstract

A revised near infrared classification scheme for T dwarfs is presented, based on and superseding prior schemes developed by Burgasser et al. and Geballe et al., and defined following the precepts of the MK Process. Drawing from two large spectroscopic libraries of T dwarfs identified largely in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Two Micron All Sky Survey, nine primary spectral standards and five alternate standards spanning spectral types T0 to T8 are identified that match criteria of spectral character, brightness, absence of a resolved companion and accessibility from both northern and southern hemispheres. The classification of T dwarfs is formally made by the direct comparison of near infrared spectral data of equivalent resolution to the spectra of these standards. Alternately, we have redefined five key spectral indices measuring the strengths of the major H${}_2$O and CH${}_4$ bands in the 1-2.5 micron region that may be used as a proxy to direct spectral comparison. Two methods of determining T spectral type using these indices are outlined and yield equivalent results. These classifications are also equivalent to those from prior schemes, implying that no revision of existing spectral type trends is required. The one-dimensional scheme presented here provides a first step toward the observational characterization of the lowest luminosity brown dwarfs currently known. Future extensions to incorporate spectral variations arising from differences in photospheric dust content, gravity and metallicity are briefly discussed. A compendium of all currently known T dwarfs with updated classifications is presented.

52 pages, 11 figures; accepted for publication to ApJ

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• A LOFAR mini-survey for low-frequency radio emission from the nearest brown dwarfs
• Spitzer-IRAC Search for Companions to Nearby, Young M Dwarfs
• 49 new T dwarfs identified using methane imaging
• Simulation of planet detection with the SPHERE IFS
• Project 1640 Observations of Brown Dwarf GJ 758 B: Near-Infrared Spectrum and Atmospheric Modeling
• A non-uniform distribution of the nearest brown dwarfs
• The Future of Ultracool Dwarf Science with JWST
• The $\text{Gaia}$ Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample $-$ III: Seven new multiple systems containing at least one $\text{Gaia}$ DR2 ultra-cool dwarf
• Design Considerations for a Ground-Based Search for Transiting Planets around L and T Dwarfs
• Astrophysics in 2006
• A low-mass triple system with a wide L/T transition brown dwarf component: NLTT 51469AB/SDSS 2131-0119
• WISEA J064750.85-154616.4: a new nearby L/T transition dwarf
• Two distant brown dwarfs in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Deep Extragalactic Survey Data Release 2
• Strong H$\alpha$ emission in the young planetary mass companion 2MASS J0249-0557 c
• Discovery of the Binarity of Gliese 229B, and Constraints on the System's Properties
• Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) -- Spectroscopic search, classification and analysis of ultracool dwarfs in the Deep Fields
• Resolving the L/T transition binary SDSS J2052-1609 AB
• CWISE J014611.20-050850.0AB: The Widest Known Brown Dwarf Binary in the Field
• A homogeneous sample of 34 000 M7-M9.5 dwarfs brighter than $J$=17.5 with accurate spectral types
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) II. Transit Candidates and Implications for Planet Occurrence around L and T Dwarfs
• A focus on L dwarfs with trigonometric parallaxes
• The benefit of simultaneous seven-filter imaging: 10 years of GROND observations
• CFBDSIR 2149-0403: young isolated planetary-mass object or high-metallicity low-mass brown dwarf??
• Spectral characterization of young LT dwarfs
• Discovery of a Possible Early-T Thick-Disk Subdwarf from the AllWISE2 Motion Survey
• Discovery of Young Methane Dwarfs in the Rho Ophiuchi L 1688 Dark Cloud
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry I: Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
• Detecting free-floating planets using water-depend colour terms in the next generation of infrared space-based surveys
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• Environment of the submillimeter-bright massive starburst HFLS3 at $z\sim$6.34
• Spectro-photometric characterization of high proper motion sources from WISE
• Investigating Possible Binarity for GJ 229B
• Euclid: The potential of slitless infrared spectroscopy: A z=5.4 quasar and new ultracool dwarfs
• The GAPS programme at TNG XLIII. A massive brown dwarf orbiting the active M dwarf TOI-5375
• An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
• The Potential of Detecting Radio-flaring Ultracool Dwarfs at L band in the FAST Drift-scan Survey
• CFBDS J111807-064016: A new L/T transition brown dwarf in a binary system
• Large Scale Searches for Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• Tracing the Top-of-the-atmosphere and Vertical Cloud Structure of a fast-rotating late T-dwarf
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Probing Late-type T dwarf J-H Color Outliers for Signs of Age
• M Subdwarf Research III. Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Breaking Parameter Degeneracy
• The L dwarf/T dwarf transition: multiplicity, magnetic activity and mineral meteorology across the hydrogen burning limit
• Time-resolved Optical Polarization Monitoring of the Most Variable Brown Dwarf
• Atmospheric retrieval of Subaru/IRD high-resolution spectrum of the archetype T-type brown dwarf Gl 229 B
• SDSS J100711.74+193056.2: A Candidate Common Motion Substellar Companion to the Nearest B-Type Star Regulus
• 1 um Excess Sources in the UKIDSS - I. Three T Dwarfs in the SDSS Southern Equatorial Stripe
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Metal-Depleted Brown Dwarfs
• Binary frequency of planet-host stars at wide separations: A new brown dwarf companion to a planet-host star
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) I. Survey Overview, Reduction Pipeline, and Early Results
• SpeX Spectroscopy of Unresolved Very Low-Mass Binaries. I. Identification of Seventeen Candidate Binaries Straddling the L Dwarf/T Dwarf Transition
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• JWST NIRSpec Spectral Standards for M, L, and T Dwarfs and Subdwarfs
• Searching for Exosatellites Orbiting L and T Dwarfs: Connecting Planet Formation to Moon Formation and Finding New Temperate Worlds
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs
• Substellar Hyades Candidates from the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey