Detection of new strongly variable brown dwarfs in the L/T transition

Abstract

*Abbreviated abstract* Context: Brown dwarfs in the spectral range L9-T3.5, within the so called L/T transition, have been shown to be variable at higher amplitudes and with greater frequency than other field dwarfs. [...] Now, more variables such as these need to be discovered and studied to better constrain atmospheric models. This is also critical to better understand giant exoplanets and to shed light on a number of possible correlations between brown dwarf characteristics and variability. Aims: [...] In this work, we aim to discover new strong variables in this spectral range by targeting ten previously unsurveyed brown dwarfs. Methods: We used the NOTCam at the Nordic Optical Telescope to observe 11 targets, with spectral types ranging from L9.5 to T3.5, in the J-band [...] Results: We report first discoveries of strong and significant variability in four out of the ten targets [...] measuring peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 10.7 +- 0.4% in J for the T1 dwarf 2MASS J22153705+2110554, for which we observe significant light curve evolution between the 2017 and 2018 epochs. We also report a marginally significant detection of strong variability, and confirm that the well known 2MASS J01365662+0933473 is still strongly variable three years after the last reported epoch. Finally, we present an extensive multi-epoch catalogue of strong variables reported in the literature and discuss possible correlations that are identifiable from the catalogue. Conclusions: We significantly add to the number of known strong variables, and through Poisson statistics infer an occurrence rate for strong variability among L9-T3.5 brown dwarfs of 40[+32-19]%, which is in agreement with previous estimates. The new variables identified in this work are also excellently suited for extensive multi-wavelength observations dedicated to probing the 3D structure of brown dwarf atmospheres.

30 pages, 17 figures, 3-page multi-epoch table of all known strongly variable brown dwarfs in appendix D, abbreviated abstract

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