The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data

Abstract

The G-type star GJ504A is known to host a 3 to 35 MJup companion whose temperature, mass, and projected separation all contribute to make it a test case for the planet formation theories and for atmospheric models of giant planets and light brown dwarfs. We collected data from the CHARA interferometer, SOPHIE spectrograph, and VLT/SPHERE high contrast imager to revisit the properties of the system. We measure a radius of 1.35+/- 0.04Rsun for GJ504A which yields isochronal ages of 21+/-2Myr or 4.0+/-1.8Gyr for the system and line-of-sight stellar rotation axis inclination of $162.4_{-4.3}^{+3.8}$ degrees or $18.6_{-3.8}^{+4.3}$ degrees. We re-detect the companion in the Y2, Y3, J3, H2, and K1 dual band SPHERE images. The complete 1-4 $\mu$m SED shape of GJ504b is best reproduced by T8-T9.5 objects with intermediate ages ($\le 1.5$Gyr), and/or unusual dusty atmospheres and/or super-solar metallicities. All six atmospheric models used yield ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=550\pm 50$K for GJ504b and point toward a low surface gravity (3.5-4.0 dex). The accuracy on the metallicity value is limited by model-to-model systematics. It is not degenerate with the C/O ratio. We derive $\log L/{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }=-6.15\pm 0.15$ dex for the companion compatible with masses of $\mathrm{M}=1.3_{-0.3}^{+0.6}{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ and $\mathrm{M}=23_{-9}^{+10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ for the young and old age ranges, respectively. The semi-major axis (sma) is above 27.8 au and the eccentricity lower than 0.55. The posterior on GJ~504b's orbital inclination suggests a misalignment with GJ~504A rotation axis. We combine the radial velocity and multi-epoch imaging data to exclude additional objects (90\% prob.) more massive than 2.5 and 30 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{Jup}}$ with sma in the range 0.01-80 au for the young and old system ages, respectively. The companion is in the envelope of the population of planets synthetized with our core-accretion model.

arXiv comment33 pages, 25 figures. Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• The COBREX archival survey: improved constraints on the occurrence rate of wide-orbit substellar companions. I. A uniform re-analysis of 400 stars from the GPIES survey
• First resolved observations of a highly asymmetric debris disc around HD 160305 with VLT/SPHERE
• Spectral unmixing for exoplanet direct detection in hyperspectral data
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XII: A Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companion to a Young Taurus M Dwarf Star
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: I. Determination of diagnostic stellar abundances for planet formation and composition
• TATOO: a tidal-chronology standalone tool to estimate the age of massive close-in planetary systems
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models VI. Red Diamondback: Extending Diamondback with SPHINX for Brown Dwarf Early Evolution
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). V. Complete observations, data reduction and analysis, detection performances, and final results
• Is planetary inward migration responsible for GJ 504's fast rotation and bright X-ray luminosity? New constraints from eROSITA
• An optimised survey strategy for the ERIS/NIX imager: searching for young giant exoplanets and very low mass brown dwarfs using the K-peak custom photometric filter
• VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: II. Diversity in C/O Ratios among Host Stars
• Constraints on HD113337 fundamental parameters and planetary system. Combining long-base visible interferometry, disk imaging and high-contrast imaging
• Toward the Analysis of JWST Exoplanet Spectra: the effective temperature in the context of direct imaging
• JWST-TST High Contrast: First Direct Spectroscopy of GJ 504 b reveals Clouds and Possible Metal Enrichment
• Next-generation Exo-REM atmospheric models: application to VHS 1256 b to emulate patchy clouds