SPHERE: the exoplanet imager for the Very Large Telescope

Abstract

Observations of circumstellar environments to look for the direct signal of exoplanets and the scattered light from disks has significant instrumental implications. In the past 15 years, major developments in adaptive optics, coronagraphy, optical manufacturing, wavefront sensing and data processing, together with a consistent global system analysis have enabled a new generation of high-contrast imagers and spectrographs on large ground-based telescopes with much better performance. One of the most productive is the Spectro-Polarimetic High contrast imager for Exoplanets REsearch (SPHERE) designed and built for the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. SPHERE includes an extreme adaptive optics system, a highly stable common path interface, several types of coronagraphs and three science instruments. Two of them, the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) and the Infra-Red Dual-band Imager and Spectrograph (IRDIS), are designed to efficiently cover the near-infrared (NIR) range in a single observation for efficient young planet search. The third one, ZIMPOL, is designed for visible (VIR) polarimetric observation to look for the reflected light of exoplanets and the light scattered by debris disks. This suite of three science instruments enables to study circumstellar environments at unprecedented angular resolution both in the visible and the near-infrared. In this work, we present the complete instrument and its on-sky performance after 4 years of operations at the VLT.

arXiv commentFinal version accepted for publication in A&A

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• The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars
• Use the 4S (Signal-Safe Speckle Subtraction): Explainable Machine Learning reveals the Giant Exoplanet AF Lep b in High-Contrast Imaging Data from 2011
• Grid-Based Atmospheric Retrievals for Reflected-Light Spectra of Exoplanets using PSGnest
• Spectral and angular differential imaging with SPHERE/IFS. Assessing the performance of various PCA-based approaches to PSF subtraction
• Exploring the directly imaged HD 1160 system through spectroscopic characterization and high-cadence variability monitoring
• Multiband imaging of the HD 36546 debris disk: a refined view from SCExAO/CHARIS
• Feasibility of detecting shadows in disks induced by infall
• Chasing extreme planetary architectures: I- HD196885Ab, a super-Jupiter dancing with two stars?
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) V: Comparison between scattered light and thermal emission
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Scattered light detection of a possible disk wind in RY Tau
• Exoplanets detection limits using spectral cross-correlation with spectro-imaging. An analytical model applied to the case of ELT-HARMONI
• The White Dwarf Binary Pathways Survey III: contamination from hierarchical triples containing a white dwarf
• Spectral unmixing for exoplanet direct detection in hyperspectral data
• A detailed view on the circumstellar environment of the M-type AGB star EP Aquarii I. High-resolution ALMA and SPHERE observations
• Combining reference-star and angular differential imaging for high-contrast imaging of extended sources
• Polarimetric investigation of selected cloud compositions in exoplanetary atmospheres
• Probing the innermost region of the AU~Microscopii debris disk
• Breaking degeneracies in exoplanetary parameters through self-consistent atmosphere-interior modelling
• Second-generation protoplanetary discs around evolved binaries: a high-resolution polarimetric view with SPHERE/IRDIS
• Investigating three Sirius-like systems with SPHERE
• An extended scattered light disk around AT Pyx -- Possible planet formation in a cometary globule
• The Carina High-contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS): II. O stars in Trumpler~14
• Cleaning Images with Gaussian Process Regression
• Limits on the presence of planets in systems with debris disks: HD 92945 and HD 107146
• A low-mass stellar companion to the young variable star RZ Psc
• Updated orbital monitoring and dynamical masses for nearby M-dwarf binaries
• An inner warp discovered in the disk around HD 110058 using VLT/SPHERE and HST/STIS
• An imaged 15Mjup companion within a hierarchical quadruple system
• Quantitative polarimetry for the transition disk in RX J1604.3-213010
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Synthetic observations of transition disks
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• Validation of strategies for coupling exoplanet PSFs into single-mode fibres for high-dispersion coronagraphy
• Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy
• The spectrally modulated self-coherent camera (SM-SCC): Increasing throughput for focal-plane wavefront sensing
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Characterization of the young star T CrA and its circumstellar environment
• An accreting dwarf star orbiting the S-type giant star pi1 Gru
• Narrow belt of debris around the Sco-Cen star HD 141011
• First on-sky demonstration of spatial Linear Dark Field Control with the vector-Apodizing Phase Plate at Subaru/SCExAO
• Color measurements of the polarized light scattered by the dust in protoplanetary disks
• First Light for the GRAVITY+ Adaptive Optics: Extreme Adaptive Optics for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer
• Enhancing Direct Exoplanet Spectroscopy with Apodizing and Beam Shaping Optics
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• The Visible Integral-field Spectrograph eXtreme (VIS-X): high-resolution spectroscopy with MagAO-X
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• How many suns are in the sky? A SPHERE multiplicity survey of exoplanet host stars I -- Four new close stellar companions including a white dwarf
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• High-Contrast Coronagraphy
• SPHERE adaptive optics performance for faint targets
• CROCODILE \\ Incorporating medium-resolution spectroscopy of close-in directly imaged exoplanets into atmospheric retrievals via cross-correlation
• The polarization-encoded self-coherent camera
• ATOMIUM: Continuum emission and evidence of dust enhancement from binary motion
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). V. Complete observations, data reduction and analysis, detection performances, and final results
• Neuromorphic Shack-Hartmann wave normal sensing
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• Empirical Contrast Model for High-Contrast Imaging -- A VLT/SPHERE Case Study
• BEAST detection of a brown dwarf and a low-mass stellar companion around the young bright B star HIP 81208
• Joint estimation of atmospheric and instrumental defects using a parsimonious point spread function model.On-sky validation using state of the art worldwide adaptive-optics assisted instruments
• High strehl and high contrast for the ELT instrument METIS -- Final design, implementation, and predicted performance of the single-conjugate adaptive optics system
• Unveiling wide-orbit companions to K-type stars in Sco-Cen with Gaia EDR3
• Deep Contrast and Companion Detection Using the EvWaCo Testbed Equipped with an Achromatic Focal Plane Mask and an Adjustable Inner Working Angle
• Quadrant polarization parameters for the scattered light of circumstellar disks. Analysis of debris disk models and observations of HR 4796A
• Multiband polarimetric imaging of HD 34700 with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Spectrally dispersed kernel phase interferometry with SCExAO/CHARIS: proof of concept and calibration strategies
• Probing Photon Statistics in Adaptive Optics Images with SCExAO/MEC
• High-contrast, high-angular resolution view of the GJ 367 exoplanet system
• The Bi-O-edge wavefront sensor: How Foucault-knife-edge variants can boost eXtreme Adaptive Optics
• Low-order wavefront control using a Zernike sensor through Lyot coronagraphs for exoplanet imaging: II. Concurrent operation with stroke minimization
• Vector speckle grid: instantaneous incoherent speckle grid for high-precision astrometry and photometry in high-contrast imaging
• Efficiently combining Alpha CenA multi-epoch high-contrast imaging data. Application of K-Stacker to the 80 hrs NEAR campaign
• The grazing angle icy protoplanetary disk PDS 453
• WIde Separation Planets In Time (WISPIT): Two directly imaged exoplanets around the Sun-like stellar binary WISPIT 1
• Multiwavelength high-resolution polarimetric imaging of second-generation disc around post-AGB binary IRAS 08544-4431 with SPHERE
• Utilizing a Database of Simulated Geometric Albedo Spectra for Photometric Characterization of Rocky Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The equilibrium shape of (65) Cybele: primordial or relic of a large impact?
• Very-wide-orbit planets from dynamical instabilities during the stellar birth cluster phase
• Speckle Space-Time Covariance in High-Contrast Imaging
• Estimation of the lateral mis-registrations of the GRAVITY + adaptive optics system
• NA-SODINN: a deep learning algorithm for exoplanet image detection based on residual noise regimes
• Dynamical Masses and Ages of Sirius-like Systems
• Review and prospects of hot exozodiacal dust research for future exo-Earth direct imaging missions
• Planet Earth in reflected and polarized light: II. Refining contrast estimates for rocky exoplanets with ELT and HWO
• Multiple Rings and Asymmetric Structures in the Disk of SR 21
• SPHERE RefPlanets: Search for epsilon Eridani b and warm dust
• Investigating the nature of the extended structure around the Herbig star RCrA using integral field and high-resolution spectroscopy
• First light of a holographic aperture mask: Observation at the Keck OSIRIS Imager
• Auto-RSM: an automated parameter-selection algorithm for the RSM map exoplanet detection algorithm
• PACOME: Optimal multi-epoch combination of direct imaging observations for joint exoplanet detection and orbit estimation
• On-sky demonstration at Palomar Observatory of the near-IR, high-resolution VIPA spectrometer
• Monte Carlo post-processing for radiation hydro simulations of accreting planets in protoplanetary disks
• GPI+SPHERE detection of a 6.1 $M_{\text{Jup}}$ circumbinary planet around HD 143811
• Fast method of crosstalk characterization for HxRG detectors
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• Fundamental limit of single-mode integral-field spectroscopy
• Blind and robust estimation of adaptive optics point spread function and diffuse halo with sharp-edged objects
• High-contrast integral field spectropolarimetry of planet-forming disks with SCExAO/CHARIS
• ISPY -- NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. CenteR: the impact of centering and frame selection
• Characterization of very wide companion candidates to young stars with planets and disks
• Multi-band reflectance and shadowing of RX J1604.3-2130 protoplanetary disk in scattered light
• A triple star in disarray -- Multi-epoch observations of T Tauri with VLT-SPHERE and LBT-LUCI
• Astrometric and photometric characterization of $\eta$ Tel B combining two decades of observations
• VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures
• Cascade adaptive optics with a second stage based on a Zernike wavefront sensor for exoplanet observations
• Mock Observations for the CSST Mission: CPI-C -- Targets for High Contrast Imaging
• The mid-infrared spectrum of $\beta$ Pictoris b. First VLTI/MATISSE interferometric observations of an exoplanet
• Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Earth-Like Exoplanets
• Experimental validation of coronagraphic focal-plane wavefront sensing for future segmented space telescopes
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS). X. Interpreting the peculiar dust rings around HD 131835
• L 363-38 b: a planet newly discovered with ESPRESSO orbiting a nearby M dwarf star
• Spectral cube extraction for the VLT/SPHERE IFS: Open-source pipeline with full forward modeling and improved sensitivity
• Redundant apodization for direct imaging of exoplanets 2: Application to island effects
• Polarimetric differential imaging with VLT/NACO. A comprehensive PDI pipeline for NACO data (PIPPIN)
• Ionized regions in the central arcsecond of NGC 1068. YJHK spatially resolved spectroscopy
• The first scattered light images of HD 112810, a faint debris disk in the Sco-Cen association
• A Possible Converter to Denoise the Images of Exoplanet Candidates through Machine Learning Techniques
• Exoplanets Sciences with Nulling Interferometers and a Single-Mode Fiber-Fed Spectrograph
• RHAPSODIE: Reconstruction of High-contrAst Polarized SOurces and Deconvolution for cIrcumstellar Environments
• Neptune's ring arcs from VLT/SPHERE-IRDIS near-infrared observations
• Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
• Numerical simulations for the SAXO+ upgrade: Performance analysis of the adaptive optics system
• The Disks In Scorpius-Centaurus Survey (DISCS) I: Four Newly-Resolved Debris Disks in Polarized Intensity Light
• Combining high-contrast imaging with high-resolution spectroscopy: Actual on-sky MIRI/MRS results compared to expectations
• YSES 2b is a background star: Differential astrometric M-dwarf measurements in time
• Machine learning for exoplanet detection in high-contrast spectroscopy Combining cross correlation maps and deep learning on medium-resolution integral-field spectra
• Exoplanets in reflected starlight with dual-field interferometry: A case for shorter wavelengths and a fifth Unit Telescope at VLTI/Paranal
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Three new late-type stellar companions to very dusty WISE debris disks identified with VLT/SPHERE imaging
• Spectral analysis of two directly imaged benchmark L dwarf companions at the stellar-substellar boundary
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): V721 CrA and BN CrA have wide and structured disks in polarised IR
• Extreme adaptive optics astrometry of R136. Searching for high proper motion stars
• Characterization of stellar companion from high-contrast long-slit spectroscopy data: The EXtraction Of SPEctrum of COmpanion (EXOSPECO) algorithm
• An Alternating Minimization Algorithm with Trajectory for Direct Exoplanet Detection -- The AMAT Algorithm
• A SPHERE survey of self-shadowed planet-forming disks
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• Upgrading SPHERE with the second stage AO system SAXO+: frequency-based data-driven controller for adaptive optics
• Stellar halo subtraction alternative for accreting companions' characterization with integral field spectroscopy: Analytical and on-sky demonstration on the PDS70, HTLup, and YSES1 systems
• Low-mass stellar and substellar candidate companions around massive stars in Sco OB1 and M17
• Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek
• The Phase Induced Amplitude Apodizer and Nuller -- High transmission, high dispersion coronagraphy at 2λ/D
• The SPHERE view of multiple star formation
• Vertical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks in Scattered Light: A large sample analysis
• A distant brown dwarf coplanar to a warm Jupiter and a hot super-Earth
• Investigating the System Configuration of Kepler-451 through Orbital Period Variations: Dynamical and Magnetic Interpretations
• The MICADO first light imager for the ELT: Testing the Lyot coronograph prototypes
• Low-order wavefront control using a Zernike sensor through Lyot coronagraphs for exoplanet imaging
• The morphology of CSCha circumbinary disk suggesting the existence of a Saturn-mass planet
• Precision speckle pattern reconstruction for high contrast imaging
• The impact of the presence of water ice on the analysis of debris disk observations
• Scattered light signatures of flyby-induced warps in protoplanetary discs
• Resolution and calibration effects in high contrast polarimetric imaging of circumstellar scattering regions
• Characterizing the Post-Red Supergiant binary system AFGL 4106 and its complex nebula with SPHERE/VLT
• 3D models of the circumstellar environments of evolved stars: Formation of multiple spiral structures
• Two Rings and a Marginally Resolved, 5 AU, Disk Around LkCa 15 Identified Via Near Infrared Sparse Aperture Masking Interferometry
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS
• The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach
• The Nearest, Brightest Debris Disk Host Stars: Updated Photosphere Models and Dust Properties for Stars with Saturated 2MASS Photometry
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) XI: Gas-dust interactions and radial offsets between micron and millimetre-sized grains
• Blind and robust reconstruction of adaptive optics point spread functions for asteroid deconvolution and moon detection
• A planetary-mass candidate imaged in the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey
• Interferometric Detection and Orbit Modeling of the Subcomponent in the Hot-dust System $\kappa$ Tuc A: A Low-mass Star on an Eccentric Orbit in a Hierarchical-quintuple System
• Modelling shadows in scattered light observations as signals from companions in protoplanetary discs
• CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory