In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086

Abstract

Context. HD 95086 is a young nearby Solar System analog hosting a giant exoplanet orbiting at 57 au from the star between an inner and outer debris belt. The existence of additional planets has been suggested as the mechanism that maintains the broad cavity between the two belts. Aims. We present a dedicated monitoring of HD 95086 with the VLT/SPHERE instrument to refine the orbital and atmospheric properties of HD 95086 b, and to search for additional planets in this system. Methods. SPHERE observations, spread over ten epochs from 2015 to 2019 and including five new datasets, were used. Combined with archival observations, from VLT/NaCo (2012-2013) and Gemini/GPI (2013-2016), the extended set of astrometric measurements allowed us to refine the orbital properties of HD 95086 b. We also investigated the spectral properties and the presence of a circumplanetary disk around HD 95086 b by using the special fitting tool exploring the diversity of several atmospheric models. In addition, we improved our detection limits in order to search for a putative planet c via the K-Stacker algorithm. Results. We extracted for the first time the JH low-resolution spectrum of HD 95086 b by stacking the six best epochs, and confirm its very red spectral energy distribution. Combined with additional datasets from GPI and NaCo, our analysis indicates that this very red color can be explained by the presence of a circumplanetary disk around planet b, with a range of high-temperature solutions (1400-1600 K) and significant extinction (Av > 10 mag), or by a super-solar metallicity atmosphere with lower temperatures (800-1300 K), and small to medium amount of extinction (Av < 10 mag). We do not find any robust candidates for planet c, but give updated constraints on its potential mass and location.

29 pages, 20 figures, A&A, accepted

References in corpus (39)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity
• Inferring the eccentricity distribution
• VIP: Vortex Image Processing package for high-contrast direct imaging
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Accreting Circumplanetary Disks: Observational Signatures
• Discovery of Two Nearby, Peculiar L Dwarfs from the 2MASS Proper Motion Survey: Young or Metal-Rich?
• Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
• Performance of the VLT Planet Finder SPHERE II. Data analysis and Results for IFS in laboratory
• Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• Combined MASS-DIMM instrument for atmospheric turbulence studies
• Do Two Temperature Debris Disks Have Multiple Belts?
• Discovery of a low-mass companion inside the debris ring surrounding the F5V star HD206893
• Keck/NIRC2 $L$'-Band Imaging of Jovian-Mass Accreting Protoplanets around PDS 70
• VLT/SPHERE exploration of the young multiplanetary system PDS70
• Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
• In-depth study of moderately young but extremely red, very dusty substellar companion HD206893B
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE) -- II. Observations, Data reduction and analysis Detection performances and early-results
• Debris Distribution in HD 95086 - A Young Analog of HR 8799
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks II. -- SEDs and Near-Infrared Fluxes
• A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B
• A medium-resolution spectrum of the exoplanet HIP 65426 b
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)- I Sample definition and target characterization
• Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars
• A search for a 5th planet around HR 8799 using the star-hopping RDI technique at VLT/SPHERE
• Near-Infrared Detection and Characterization of the Exoplanet HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Exploring the formation by core accretion and the luminosity evolution of directly imaged planets: The case of HIP 65426 b
• Strong H$\alpha$ emission and signs of accretion in a circumbinary planetary mass companion from MUSE
• The unseen planets of double belt debris disk systems
• Host star metallicity of directly imaged wide-orbit planets: implications for planet formation
• ALMA 1.3 Millimeter Map of the HD 95086 System
• The Age of the Carina Young Association and Potential Membership of HD 95086
• GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet
• Upper limits on protolunar disc masses using ALMA observations of directly-imaged exoplanets
• Long-term stability of the HR 8799 planetary system without resonant lock
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• Strong H$\alpha$ emission in the young planetary mass companion 2MASS J0249-0557 c

Cited by in corpus (10)

• Four-of-a-kind? Comprehensive atmospheric characterisation of the HR 8799 planets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- IV. Aperture Masking Interferometry
• Simulated performance of the molecular mapping for young giant exoplanets with the Medium Resolution Spectrometer of JWST/MIRI
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) V: Comparison between scattered light and thermal emission
• Polarized Signatures of a Habitable World: Comparing Models of an Exoplanet Earth with Visible and Near-infrared Earthshine Spectra
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). V. Complete observations, data reduction and analysis, detection performances, and final results
• A catalog of collected debris disks: properties, classifications and correlations between disks and stars/planets
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• PACOME: Optimal multi-epoch combination of direct imaging observations for joint exoplanet detection and orbit estimation