A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and The Star-Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association

Abstract

We present an analysis of the ages and star-formation history of the F-type stars in the Upper Scorpius (US), Upper Centaurus-Lupus (UCL) and Lower Centaurus-Crux (LCC) subgroups of Scorpius-Centaurus. We find that 1) our empirical isochrones are consistent with the previously published age-rank of the Sco-Cen subgroups, 2) LCC and UCL appear to reach the main sequence turn-on at spectral types ~F4 and ~F2, respectively. An analysis of the A-type stars shows US reaching the main sequence at about spectral type ~A3. 3) The median ages for the pre-main sequence members of UCL and LCC are 16 Myr and 17 Myr, respectively, in agreement with previous studies, however we find that 4) Upper Sco is much older than previously thought. The luminosities of the F-type stars in US are typically a factor of ~2.5 less luminous than predicted for a 5 Myr old population for four sets of evolutionary tracks. We reexamine the evolutionary state and isochronal ages for the B-, A-, and G-type Upper Sco members, and the evolved M supergiant Antares, and estimate a revised mean age for Upper Sco of 11+/-1+/-2 Myr (statistical, systematic). Using radial velocities and Hipparcos parallaxes we calculate a lower limit on the kinematic expansion age for Upper Sco of >10.5 Myr (99% confidence). However, the data are statistically consistent with no expansion. We reevaluate the inferred masses for the known substellar companions in Upper Sco using the revised age. Specifically, we estimate the mass of 1RXS J1609-2105b to be 14^{+2}_{-3} Mjup, suggesting that it is a brown dwarf rather than a planet. Finally, we find the fraction of F-type stars exhibiting Ha emission and/or a K-band excess consistent with accretion to be 0/17 (<19%; 95% C.L.) in US at ~11 Myr, while UCL has 1/41 (2^{+5}_{-1}%; 68% C.L.) accretors and LCC has 1/50 (2^{+4}_{-1}%; 68% C.L.) accretors at ~16 Myr and ~17 Myr, respectively. [Abridged]

Accepted for publication in ApJ. Formatted with emulateapj, 28 pages, 16 figures, 14 tables

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• In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
• Angular Momentum Evolution of Young Stars in the Nearby Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• Mon-735: A new low-mass pre-main sequence eclipsing binary in NGC 2264
• Constraining the magnitude of climate extremes from time-varying instellation on a circumbinary terrestrial planet
• Discovery of an Edge-on Circumstellar Debris Disk Around BD+45${}^{\circ }$598: a Newly Identifed Member of the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS
• Statistical relations between stellar spectral and luminosity classes and stellar effective temperature and surface gravity
• Magellan AO System $z^{\prime }$, $Y_S$, and $L^{\prime }$ Observations of the Very Wide 650 AU HD 106906 Planetary System
• The high-albedo, low polarization disk around HD 114082 harbouring a Jupiter-sized transiting planet
• High signal-to-noise spectral characterization of the planetary-mass object HD 106906 b
• Neon Abundances of B-stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• Supernova Ejecta in Ocean Cores Used as Time Constraints for Nearby Stellar Groups
• The radius inflation problem in short-period low-mass binaries: a large sample analysis
• Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of V404 Cygni during its 2015 June outburst decay strengthen the case for an extremely energetic jet-base
• Multiples among B stars in the Scorpius-Centaurus association
• New Parallaxes for the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Search for Alignment of Disk Orientations in Nearby Star-Forming Regions: Lupus, Taurus, Upper Scorpius, $\rho$ Ophiuchi, and Orion
• The binary system of the spinning-top Be star Achernar
• An Optical Survey of the Partially Embedded Young Cluster in NGC 7129
• The Impact of Chromospheric Activity on Observed Initial Mass Functions
• A Search For X-ray Emission From Colliding Magnetospheres In Young Eccentric Stellar Binaries
• Direct Imaging discovery of a second planet candidate around the possibly transiting planet host CVSO 30
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Diverse outcomes of binary-disk interactions
• Towards a complete picture of the Sco-Cen outflow
• VIBES: VIsual Binary Exoplanet survey with SPHERE Upper limits on wide S-planet and S-BD frequencies, triple system discovery, and astrometric confirmation of 20 stellar binaries and three triple systems
• Chandra Characterization of X-ray Emission in the Young F-Star Binary System HD 113766
• Four new PLanetesimals Around TYpical and Pre-main seqUence Stars (PLATYPUS) Debris Discs at 8.8mm
• Wavelength Dependence of Activity-Induced Photometric Variations for Young Cool Stars in Hyades
• BANYAN. X. Discovery of a wide, low-gravity L-type companion to a fast-rotating M3 dwarf
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b
• On the Binary Frequency of the Lowest Mass Members of the Pleiades with Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3
• Detecting isolated stellar-mass black holes in the absence of microlensing parallax effect
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• An inner warp discovered in the disk around HD 110058 using VLT/SPHERE and HST/STIS
• ODEA: Orbital Dynamics in a complex Evolving Architecture -- Application to the planetary system HD 106906
• An extended scattered light disk around AT Pyx -- Possible planet formation in a cometary globule
• Quantitative polarimetry for the transition disk in RX J1604.3-213010
• A spectroscopic map of the Galactic centre -- Observations and resolved stars
• Protoplanetary and Transitional Disks in the Open Stellar Cluster IC 2395
• Radial velocity survey of spatially resolved young, low-mass binaries
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Proper motions of Upper Sco T-type candidates
• DMPP-4: Candidate sub-Neptune mass planets orbiting a naked-eye star
• Confirming the least massive members of the Pleiades star cluster
• Fundamental properties of the pre-main sequence eclipsing stars of MML 53 and the mass of the tertiary
• The evolution of protoplanetary disc radii and disc masses in star-forming regions
• A study of the frequency and characteristics of stellar companions and Jupiter-like planets in nearby open clusters
• Theoretical Mass-Luminosity Relations in Gaia G-Band
• BEAST detection of a brown dwarf and a low-mass stellar companion around the young bright B star HIP 81208
• Spectroscopy of Candidate Members of the Sco-Cen Complex
• An Incipient Debris Disk in the Chamaeleon I Cloud
• The grazing angle icy protoplanetary disk PDS 453
• Supersolar metallicity in G0-G3 main sequence stars with V<15
• Determining the evolutionary stage of the delta Scuti star HIP 80088 with asteroseismology
• Stars lensed by the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way: predictions for ELT, TMT, GMT, and JWST
• Infrared excesses in stars with and without planets using revised $WISE$ photometry
• Numerical search for a potential planet sculpting the young disc of HD 115600
• Searching for Wide Companions and Identifying Circum(sub)stellar Disks through PSF-Fitting of Spitzer/IRAC Archival Images
• An optimised survey strategy for the ERIS/NIX imager: searching for young giant exoplanets and very low mass brown dwarfs using the K-peak custom photometric filter
• DECam Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Substellar Objects in the UCL and LCC Subgroups of the Sco-Cen OB Association (SCOCENSUS)
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• Investigating silicate, carbon, and water in the diffuse interstellar medium: the first shots from WISCI
• Multi-band reflectance and shadowing of RX J1604.3-2130 protoplanetary disk in scattered light
• A Wide-Field Survey for Transiting Hot Jupiters and Eclipsing Pre-Main-Sequence Binaries in Young Stellar Associations
• Companion Mass Limits for 17 Binary Systems Obtained with Binary Differential Imaging and MagAO/Clio
• Scattering and sublimation: a multi-scale view of $\mu$m-sized dust in the inclined disc of HD 145718
• Characterization of very wide companion candidates to young stars with planets and disks
• Low-mass and sub-stellar eclipsing binaries in stellar clusters
• PTFO 8-8695: Two Stars, Two Signals, No Planet
• Constraints on the ubiquity of coronal X-ray cycles
• The Corona-Australis star-forming region: New insights on its formation history from detailed stellar and disk analysis
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS). X. Interpreting the peculiar dust rings around HD 131835
• The complex dynamical past and future of double eclipsing binary CzeV343: misaligned orbits and period resonance
• The first scattered light images of HD 112810, a faint debris disk in the Sco-Cen association
• HD 143811 AB b: A Directly Imaged Planet Orbiting a Spectroscopic Binary in Sco-Cen
• NGTS clusters survey IV. Search for Dipper stars in the Orion Nebular Cluster
• Activity of low mass stars in the light of spot signature in the Fourier domain
• HD 143006: Interferometric Confirmation of Misaligned Protoplanetary Disc with CHARA/MIRCX and VLTI/PIONIER
• Population Synthesis of Massive Close Binary Evolution
• Planet Hunters NGTS: New Planet Candidates from a Citizen Science Search of the Next Generation Transit Survey Public Data
• How common can the origin of clusters Cha I, Cha II, epsilon Cha and eta Cha be?
• TYCHO -- Realistically Simulating Exoplanets within Stellar Clusters I: Improving the Monte Carlo Approach
• Identifying and characterizing ultracool dwarfs ejected from post-encounter disintegrating systems
• Disk fraction among free-floating planetary-mass objects in Upper Scorpius
• High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
• Rotational Velocities and Radii Estimates of Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars in NGC 2264
• Constraining the mass of the planet(s) sculpting a disk cavity. The intriguing case of 2MASS J16042165-2130284
• The Progenitor of the S147 Supernova Remnant
• Probing habitable regions with SRG/eROSITA
• Survival of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius from Population Synthesis Models with External Photoevaporation
• Benchmarking pre-main sequence stellar evolutionary tracks using disk-based dynamical stellar masses
• CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory
• Resonant structures in exozodiacal clouds created by exo-Earths in the habitable zone of late-type stars
• Discovery of the pre-main-sequence eclipsing binary MML 48