The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): IV. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Upper Scorpius Star-forming Region

Abstract

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) large program AGE-PRO explores protoplanetary disk evolution by studying gas and dust across various ages. This work focuses on ten evolved disks in Upper Scorpius, observed in dust continuum emission, CO and its isotopologues, and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ with ALMA Bands 6 and 7. Disk radii, from the radial location enclosing 68% of the flux, are comparable to those in the younger Lupus region for both gas and dust tracers. However, solid masses are about an order of magnitude below those in Lupus and Ophiuchus, while the dust spectral index suggests some level of dust evolution. These empirical findings align with a combination of radial drift, dust trapping, and grain growth into larger bodies. A moderate correlation between CO and continuum fluxes suggests a link between gas and dust content, through the increased scatter compared to younger regions, possibly due to age variations, gas-to-dust ratio differences, or CO depletion. Additionally, the correlation between C${}^{18}$O and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ fluxes observed in Lupus persists in Upper Sco, indicating a relatively stable CO gas abundance over the Class II stage of disk evolution. In conclusion, the AGE-PRO survey of Upper Scorpius disks reveals intriguing trends in disk evolution. The findings point towards potential gas evolution and the presence of dust traps in these older disks. Future high-resolution observations are needed to confirm these possibilities and further refine our understanding of disk evolution and planet formation in older environments.

arXiv commentPublished in ApJ for the special issue of AGE-PRO

References in corpus (63)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Intrinsic Colors, Temperatures, and Bolometric Corrections of Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra
• Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• Planck 2013 results. XI. All-sky model of thermal dust emission
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• The second US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC2)
• A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and The Star-Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• The Second-Generation Guide Star Catalog: Description and Properties
• From Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks: A SIRTF Legacy Program
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• An Old Disk That Can Still Form a Planetary System
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Magnetic Inhibition of Convection and the Fundamental Properties of Low-Mass Stars. III. A Consistent 10 Myr Age for the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The Disk Population of the Upper Scorpius Association
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• A Significantly Low CO Abundance Toward the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk: A Path to Active Carbon Chemistry?
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations
• CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
• The evolution of dust-disk sizes from a homogeneous analysis of 1-10 Myr-old stars
• Excess C/O and C/H in outer protoplanetary disk gas
• Gas vs dust sizes of protoplanetary disks: effects of dust evolution
• Refining the Census of the Upper Scorpius Association with Gaia
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• Debris Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• The star formation history of the Sco-Cen association. Coherent star formation patterns in space and time
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• An ALMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Rapid Evolution of Volatile CO from the Protostellar Disk Stage to the Protoplanetary Disk Stage
• The Masses of Transition Circumstellar Disks: Observational Support for Photoevaporation Models
• Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation
• An ALMA Survey of H${}_2$CO in Protoplanetary Disks
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• Stacking Spectra in Protoplanetary Disks: Detecting Intensity Profiles from Hidden Molecular Lines in HD 163296
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• An evolutionary study of volatile chemistry in protoplanetary disks
• A novel way of measuring the gas disk mass of protoplanetary disks using N2H+ and C18O
• A three-phase approach to grain surface chemistry in protoplanetary disks: Gas, ice surfaces and ice mantles of dust grains
• A High-resolution Optical Survey of Upper Sco: Evidence for Coevolution of Accretion and Disk Winds
• The Effect of Binarity on Circumstellar Disk Evolution
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• Undetected Binary Stars Cause an Observed Mass Dependent Age Gradient in Upper Scorpius
• A Herschel PACS survey of the dust and gas in Upper Scorpius disks
• Constraining the radial drift of millimeter-sized grains in the protoplanetary disks in Lupus
• C${}^{18}$O emission as an effective measure of gas masses of protoplanetary disks
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• The peculiar dipping events in the disk-bearing young-stellar object EPIC 204278916
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VIII. The impact of external photoevaporation on disk masses and radii in Upper Scorpius
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VIII. The impact of external photoevaporation on disk masses and radii in Upper Scorpius
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• The 12CO Gas Structures of Protoplanetary Disks in the Upper Scorpius Region
• Survival of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius from Population Synthesis Models with External Photoevaporation