The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region

Abstract

We present Band 6 and Band 7 observations of 10 Lupus disks around M3-K6 stars from the ALMA survey of Gas Evolution in PROtoplanetary disks (AGE-PRO) Large Program. In addition to continuum emission in both bands, our Band 6 setup covers the ${}^{12}\mathrm{CO}$, ${}^{13}\mathrm{CO}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{18}\mathrm{O}J$=2-1 lines, while our Band 7 setup covers the ${\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{H}}^{+}J$=3-2 line. All of our sources are detected in ${}^{12}\mathrm{CO}$ and ${}^{13}\mathrm{CO}$, 7 out of 10 are detected in ${\mathrm{C}}^{18}\mathrm{O}$, and 3 are detected in ${\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$. We find strong correlations between the CO isotopologue line fluxes and the continuum flux densities. With the exception of one disk, we also identify a strong correlation between the ${\mathrm{C}}^{18}\mathrm{O}J$=2-1 and ${\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{H}}^{+}J$=3-2 fluxes, indicating similar CO abundances across this sample. For the two sources with well-resolved continuum and ${}^{12}\mathrm{CO}J$=2-1 images, we find that their gas-to-dust size ratio is consistent with the median value of $\sim 2$ inferred from a larger sample of Lupus disks. We derive dust disk masses from continuum flux densities. We estimate gas disk masses by comparing ${\mathrm{C}}^{18}\mathrm{O}J$=2-1 line fluxes with those predicted by the limited grid of self-consistent disk models of Ruaud et al. (2022). A comparison of these mass estimates with those derived by Trapman et al. (2025), using a combination of CO isotopologue and ${\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ line emission, shows that the masses are consistent with each other. Some discrepancies appear for small and faint disks, but they are still within the uncertainties. Both methods find gas disk masses increase with dust disk masses, and gas-to-dust mass ratios are between $10-100$ in the AGE-PRO Lupus sample.

Published in ApJ for the special issue of AGE-PRO

References in corpus (44)

• Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• The Second-Generation Guide Star Catalog: Description and Properties
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• An Optical Spectroscopic Study of T Tauri Stars. I. Photospheric Properties
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. XI. Lupus Observed With IRAC and MIPS
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I
• The evolution of dust-disk sizes from a homogeneous analysis of 1-10 Myr-old stars
• Refining the Census of the Upper Scorpius Association with Gaia
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• Gas Disk Sizes from CO Line Observations: A Test of Angular Momentum Evolution
• Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation
• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• Stacking Spectra in Protoplanetary Disks: Detecting Intensity Profiles from Hidden Molecular Lines in HD 163296
• Lupus DANCe. Census of stars and 6D structure with Gaia-DR2 data
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• Dynamical mass measurements of two protoplanetary discs
• Demographics of disks around young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus
• A novel way of measuring the gas disk mass of protoplanetary disks using N2H+ and C18O
• Identification of new transitional disk candidates in Lupus with Herschel
• Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
• Population Synthesis Models Indicate a Need for Early and Ubiquitous Disk Substructures
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• New Constraints on Protoplanetary Disk Gas Masses in Lupus
• Constraining the radial drift of millimeter-sized grains in the protoplanetary disks in Lupus
• C${}^{18}$O emission as an effective measure of gas masses of protoplanetary disks
• Depletion of gaseous CO in protoplanetary disks by surface-energy-regulated ice formation
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• Estimating the statistical uncertainty due to spatially correlated noise in interferometric images
• Compact Disks: an explanation to faint CO emission in Lupus disks
• Spatially correlated stellar accretion in the Lupus star forming region: Evidence for ongoing infall from the interstellar medium
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): IV. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Upper Scorpius Star-forming Region
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations

Cited by in corpus (9)

• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): IV. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Upper Scorpius Star-forming Region
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VIII. The impact of external photoevaporation on disk masses and radii in Upper Scorpius
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• Survival of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius from Population Synthesis Models with External Photoevaporation
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Observations of highly inclined disks with ALMA. Results from 12CO gas and continuum observations
• Benchmarking pre-main sequence stellar evolutionary tracks using disk-based dynamical stellar masses