X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects

Abstract

We present the results of a study of the stellar and accretion properties of the (almost) complete sample of class II and transitional YSOs in the Lupus I, II, III and IV clouds, based on spectroscopic data acquired with the VLT/X-Shooter spectrograph. Our study combines the dataset from our previous work with new observations of 55 additional objects. We have investigated 92 YSO candidates in total, 11 of which have been definitely identified with giant stars unrelated to Lupus. The stellar and accretion properties of the 81 bona fide YSOs, which represent more than 90% of the whole class~II and transition disc YSO population in the aforementioned Lupus clouds, have been homogeneously and self-consistently derived, allowing for an unbiased study of accretion and its relationship with stellar parameters. The accretion luminosity, Lacc, increases with the stellar luminosity, Lstar, with an overall slope of ~1.6, similar but with a smaller scatter than in previous studies. There is a significant lack of strong accretors below Lstar~0.1Lsun, where Lacc is always lower than 0.01Lstar. We argue that the Lacc-Lstar slope is not due to observational biases, but is a true property of the Lupus YSOs. The logMacc-logMstar correlation shows a statistically significant evidence of a break, with a steeper relation for Mstar<0.2Msun and a flatter slope for higher masses. The bimodality of the Macc-Mstar relation is confirmed with four different evolutionary models used to derive the stellar mass. The bimodal behaviour of the observed relationship supports the importance of modelling self-gravity in the early evolution of the more massive discs, but other processes, such as photo evaporation and planet formation during the YSO's lifetime, may also lead to disc dispersal on different timescales depending on the stellar mass. We also refined the empirical Lacc vs. Lline relationships.

arXiv comment43 pages, 22 figures

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• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• ALMA Observations of the Inner Cavity in the Protoplanetary Disk around Sz 84
• Circumstellar disk accretion across the Lagoon Nebula: the influence of environment and stellar mass
• Time-resolved protoplanetary disk physics in DQ Tau with JWST
• A question of personalities: evolution of viscous and wind-driven protoplanetary discs in the presence of dead zones
• Photometric and spectroscopic study of the burst-like brightening of two Gaia-alerted young stellar objects
• Investigating the nature of the extended structure around the Herbig star RCrA using integral field and high-resolution spectroscopy
• The Enigma of Gaia18cjb: a Rare Hybrid of FUor and EXor?
• ISO-ChaI 52: a weakly-accreting young stellar object with a dipper light curve
• Giant planet formation via pebble accretion across different stellar masses
• Probing accretion and stellar properties in the Orion Nebula with VLT/X-Shooter
• Estimation of Stellar Parameters and Mass Accretion Rate of Classical T Tauri Stars from LAMOST DR6
• Investigating episodic accretion in a very low-mass young stellar object
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• The evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{d}}-M_{\star }$ and $\dot{M}-M_{\star }$ correlations traces protoplanetary disc dispersal
• Investigating the Impact of Metallicity on Star Formation in the Outer Galaxy. I. VLT/KMOS Survey of Young Stellar Objects in Canis Major
• ExoplaNeT accRetion mOnitoring sPectroscopic surveY (ENTROPY) - II. Time series of Balmer line profiles of Delorme 1(AB)b
• Characterization of very wide companion candidates to young stars with planets and disks
• Investigating the asymmetry of young stellar outflows: Combined MUSE-X-shooter study of the Th 28 jet
• The emergence of the Md-Macc correlation in the MHD wind scenario
• Evidence of a Disk-wind Origin for Fluorescent H${}_2$ in Classical T Tauri Stars
• Polarimetric differential imaging with VLT/NACO. A comprehensive PDI pipeline for NACO data (PIPPIN)
• The accretion luminosity of Class I protostars
• The survivorship bias of protoplanetary disc populations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Forbidden Emission Line spectro-imaging of the RU Lupi jet and Low Velocity Component
• Accretion and Outflows in Young Stars with CUBES
• Improving Accretion Diagnostics for Young Stellar Objects with Mid-infrared Hydrogen lines from JWST/MIRI
• New members of the Lupus I cloud based on Gaia astrometry Physical and accretion properties from X-Shooter spectra
• Do accretion-powered stellar winds help spin down T Tauri stars?
• Kinematic evidence of magnetospheric accretion for Herbig Ae stars with JWST NIRSpec
• Occurrence rates of accreting companions from a new method for computing emission-line survey sensitivity: application to the H-alpha Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey
• A SPHERE survey of self-shadowed planet-forming disks
• The CUBES Science Case
• Accretion process, magnetic fields, and apsidal motion in the pre-main sequence binary DQ Tau
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Semianalytical Accretion-Tracer Emission: Forming Planets Are Intrinsically Faint
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs -- III: Influence of stellar mass on disc photoevaporation
• A spatially-resolved large cavity of the J0337 protoplanetary disk in Perseus
• Beyond the dips of V807 Tau, a spectropolarimetric study of a dipper s magnetosphere
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• Evolution of the Accretion Rate of Young Intermediate Mass Stars: Implications for Disk Evolution and Planet Formation
• The Variation of Circumstellar Parameters through Early Stellar Evolution
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66
• The accretion-ejection connection in the asymmetric Th 28 jet revealed by MUSE-NFM
• Characterisation of an EXor outburst SPICY 97589
• The Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS). VII. A Photometric Study of the Young Open Cluster IC 1590
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk
• MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus