The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes

Abstract

(Abridged) The c2d Spitzer Legacy project obtained images and photometry with both IRAC and MIPS instruments for five large, nearby molecular clouds. This paper combines information drawn from studies of individual clouds into a combined and updated statistical analysis of star formation rates and efficiencies, numbers and lifetimes for SED classes, and clustering properties. Current star formation efficiencies range from 3% to 6%. Taken together, the five clouds are producing about 260 solar masses of stars per Myr. The star formation surface density is more than an order of magnitude larger than would be predicted from the Kennicutt relation used in extragalactic studies. Measured against the dense gas probed by the maps of dust continuum emission, the efficiencies are much higher, and the current stock of dense cores would be exhausted in 1.8 Myr on average. The derived lifetime for the Class I phase is 0.44 to 0.54 Myr, considerably longer than some estimates. Similarly, the lifetime for the Class 0 SED class, 0.10 to 0.16 Myr, is longer than early estimates. The great majority (90%) of young stars lie within loose clusters with at least 35 members and a stellar density of 1 solar mass per cubic pc. Accretion at the sound speed from an isothermal sphere over the lifetime derived for the Class I phase could build a star of about 0.25 solar masses, given an efficiency of 0.3. Our data confirm and aggravate the "luminosity problem" for protostars. Our results strongly suggest that accretion is time variable, with prolonged periods of very low accretion. Based on a very simple model and this sample of sources, half the mass of a star would be accreted during only 7% of the Class I lifetime, as represented by the eight most luminous objects.

41 pages, 14 figures, ApJSupp, in press. Sample tables included for tables 8-12. Full tables and higher quality figures available from http://peggysue.as.utexas.edu/SIRTF/

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• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• Disruption of Molecular Clouds by Expansion of Dusty H II Regions
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Dense Cores Under Pressure in Orion A
• Episodic accretion, protostellar radiative feedback, and their role in low-mass star formation
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• Spitzer mapping of molecular hydrogen pure rotational lines in NGC 1333: A detailed study of feedback in star formation
• Can habitable planets form in clustered environments?
• The Gas-Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies I. Assessment of Multi-scale Variations
• Misaligned disks induced by infall
• VISION - Vienna survey in Orion I. VISTA Orion A Survey
• Cluster Formation Triggered by Filament Collisions in Serpens South
• An extensive VLT/X-Shooter library of photospheric templates of pre-main sequence stars
• The Evolution and Properties of Rotating Massive Star Populations
• Massive black hole seeds born via direct gas collapse in galaxy mergers: their properties, statistics and environment
• Multi-wavelength continuum sizes of protoplanetary discs: scaling relations and implications for grain growth and radial drift
• First image of the L1157 molecular jet by the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey
• How to Find Young Massive Cluster Progenitors
• Dust Polarization Toward Embedded Protostars in Ophiuchus with ALMA. I. VLA 1623
• The structure and statistics of interstellar turbulence
• Multiscale, multiwavelength extraction of sources and filaments using separation of the structural components: getsf
• Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA): 2mm Efficiently Selects the Highest-Redshift Obscured Galaxies
• Disk and Envelope Structure in Class 0 Protostars: I. The Resolved Massive Disk in Serpens FIRS 1
• IC348-SMM2E: a Class 0 proto-brown dwarf candidate forming as a scaled-down version of low-mass stars
• Disc Clearing of Young Stellar Objects: Evidence for Fast Inside-out Dispersal
• Have proto-planetary discs formed planets?
• The ALMA early science view of FUor/EXor objects - V: continuum disc masses and sizes
• Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters (SONYC) IV: A census of very low mass objects in NGC1333
• Dippers and Dusty Disks Edges: A Unified Model
• Herschel-Planck dust optical depth and column density maps - II. Perseus
• High resolution spectroscopy of Ne II emission from young stellar objects
• Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph survey of young stars in the Chamaeleon I star-forming region
• The Spitzer survey of interstellar clouds in the Gould Belt. II. The Cepheus Flare observed with IRAC and MIPS
• Detection of a Bipolar Molecular Outflow Driven by a Candidate First Hydrostatic Core
• Dust Polarization Toward Embedded Protostars in Ophiuchus with ALMA. III. Survey Overview
• Nonlinear Evolution of Global Hydrodynamic Shallow-Water Instability in Solar Tachocline
• An Evolutionary Model for Collapsing Molecular Clouds and Their Star Formation Activity
• On the association between core-collapse supernovae and HII regions
• A continuum of accretion burst behavior in young stars observed by K2
• Star Formation in the First Galaxies - II: Clustered Star Formation and the Influence of Metal Line Cooling
• Star formation efficiency as a function of metallicity: from star clusters to galaxies
• The W43-MM1 mini-starburst ridge, a test for star formation efficiency models
• Not all stars form in clusters - measuring the kinematics of OB associations with $Gaia$
• The rate and latency of star formation in dense, massive clumps in the Milky Way
• A Spitzer Survey of Protoplanetary Disk Dust in the Young Serpens Cloud: How do Dust Characteristics Evolve with Time?
• The chemical evolution of galaxies within the IGIMF theory: the [alpha/Fe] ratios and downsizing
• Stellar Kinematics of Young Clusters in Turbulent Hydrodynamic Simulations
• The Herschel-PACS legacy of low-mass protostars: Properties of warm and hot gas and its origin in far-UV illuminated shocks
• Outflow forces of low mass embedded objects in Ophiuchus: a quantitative comparison of analysis methods
• CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey: Structure and Kinematics of Dense Gas in Serpens Main
• On The Nature of Variations in the Measured Star Formation Efficiency of Molecular Clouds
• A Spitzer Census of Star Formation Activity in the Pipe Nebula
• The origin of gas-phase HCO and CH3O radicals in prestellar cores
• Chemical tracers of episodic accretion in low-mass protostars
• The Initial Mass Function and Disk Frequency of the Rho Ophiuchi Cloud: An Extinction-Limited Sample
• Is the dust-to-gas ratio constant in molecular clouds?
• A First Look at BISTRO Observations of The $\rho$ Oph-A core
• Hunting for Neighboring Open Clusters with Gaia DR3: 101 New Open Clusters within 500 pc
• Far-infrared to millimeter data of protoplanetary disks: dust growth in the Taurus, Ophiuchus, and Chamaeleon I star-forming regions
• X-Shooter study of accretion in $\rho$-Ophiucus: very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Metallicity dependence of the H/H${}_2$ and C${}^{+}$/C/CO distributions in a resolved self-regulating interstellar medium
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Protoplanetary Disks around Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri Stars
• Shocks, cooling and the origin of star formation rates in spiral galaxies
• Probing the Protosolar Disk Using Dust Filtering at Gaps in the Early Solar System
• On column density thresholds and the star formation rate
• POISSON project - II - A multi-wavelength spectroscopic and photometric survey of young protostars in L 1641
• Local-Density Driven Clustered Star Formation
• Star-forming content of the giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way
• Nested shells reveal the rejuvenation of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
• LAMP: The Long-term Accretion Monitoring Program of T Tauri stars in Chamaeleon-I
• Chronology of Episodic Accretion in Protostars -- an ALMA survey of the CO and H${}_2$O snowlines
• Characterizing TW Hydra
• CO2 Ice toward Low-luminosity, Embedded Protostars: Evidence for Episodic Mass Accretion via Chemical History
• Nascent bipolar outflows associated with the first hydrostatic core candidates Barnard 1b-N and 1b-S
• Hierarchical fragmentation in the Perseus molecular cloud: From the cloud scale to protostellar objects
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• Measurements of water surface snow lines in classical protoplanetary disks
• Zooming in on Individual Star Formation: Low- and High-mass Stars
• Kinematics of OB-associations in Gaia epoch
• Variability of the transitional T Tauri star T Chamaeleontis
• Jet multiplicity in the proto-binary system NGC1333-IRAS4A. The detailed CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI view
• Resolved Depletion Zones and Spatial Differentiation of N2H+ and N2D+
• An ALMA Search for Substructure, Fragmentation, and Hidden Protostars in Starless Cores in Chamaeleon I
• VISION - Vienna survey in Orion. III. Young stellar objects in Orion A
• Disk Evolution in OB Associations - Deep Spitzer/IRAC Observations of IC 1795
• From Birth to Death of Protoplanetary Disks: Modeling Their Formation, Evolution, and Dispersal
• Ro-vibrational excitation of an organic molecule (HCN) in protoplanetary disks
• Evolution of Stellar Feedback in HII Regions
• Water in star forming regions with Herschel (WISH) III. Far-infrared cooling lines in low-mass young stellar objects
• The Fast Radio Burst FRB 20201124A in a star forming region: constraints to the progenitor and multiwavelength counterparts
• POISSON project - I - Emission lines as accretion tracers in young stellar objects: results from observations of Chamaeleon I and II sources
• Fundamental aspects of episodic accretion chemistry explored with single-point models
• Multiwavelength Observations of V2775 Ori, an Outbursting Protostar in L 1641: Exploring the Edge of the FU Orionis Regime
• Physical and chemical fingerprint of protostellar disc formation
• Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of the Quiescent Medium of Nearby Clouds: I. Ice Formation and Grain Growth in Lupus
• Dense Molecular Gas: A Sensitive Probe of Stellar Feedback Models
• How do bound star clusters form?
• A multi-wavelength study of star formation activity in the S235 complex
• The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Magnetic Field of the Barnard 1 Star-Forming Region
• Angular momentum profiles of Class 0 protostellar envelopes
• Observing Simulated Protostars with Outflows: How Accurate are Protostellar Properties Inferred from SEDs?
• The Self-gravitating Gas Fraction and The Critical Density for Star Formation
• The first ALMA survey of protoplanetary discs at 3 mm: demographics of grain growth in the Lupus region
• Protostar Formation in Supersonic Flows: Growth and Collapse of Spherical Cores
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• Determining the recurrence timescale of long-lasting YSO outbursts
• Disks and Outflows in CO Rovibrational Emission from Embedded, Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects
• The North American and Pelican Nebulae II. MIPS Observations and Analysis
• Prevalent externally-driven protoplanetary disc dispersal as a function of the galactic environment
• Dust properties inside molecular clouds from coreshine modeling and observations
• Testing the Metal of Late-Type Kepler Planet Hosts with Iron-Clad Methods
• From the Top Down and Back Up Again: Star Cluster Structure from Hierarchical Star Formation
• What sets the massive star formation rates and efficiencies of giant molecular clouds?
• The Elephant Trunk Nebula and the Trumpler 37 cluster: Contribution of triggered star formation to the total population of an HII region
• Revealing H2D+ depletion and compact structure in starless and protostellar cores with ALMA
• Impact of a star formation efficiency profile on the evolution of open clusters
• The lower limits of disc fragmentation and the prospects for observing fragmenting discs
• Jets and outflows of massive protostars - From cloud collapse to jet launching and cloud dispersal
• VLA and CARMA Observations of Protostars in the Cepheus Clouds: Sub-arcsecond Proto-Binaries Formed via Disk Fragmentation
• Orphaned Protostars
• Resolving the FU Ori System with ALMA: Interacting Twin Disks?
• SILCC-ZOOM: The early impact of ionizing radiation on forming molecular clouds
• Constraining the Rate of Protostellar Accretion Outbursts in the Orion Molecular Clouds
• The complex chemistry of outflow cavity walls exposed: the case of low-mass protostars
• Sub-stellar Companions and Stellar Multiplicity in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• Young Stellar Objects and Triggered Star Formation in the Vulpecula OB Association
• The Herschel DIGIT Survey of Weak-line T Tauri Stars: implications for disk evolution and dissipation
• A catalogue of dense cores and young stellar objects in the Lupus complex based on Herschel Gould Belt Survey observations
• An evolutionary study of volatile chemistry in protoplanetary disks
• Comparing the pre-SNe feedback and environmental pressures for 6000 HII regions across 19 nearby spiral galaxies
• Elemental Abundances of Solar Sibling Candidates
• Evolution of Mass Outflow in Protostars
• Condition for the formation of micron-sized dust grains in dense molecular cloud cores
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. IX. Discovery of a Very Low Luminosity Object Driving a Molecular Outflow in the Dense Core L673-7
• The JCMT Legacy Survey of the Gould Belt: a molecular line study of the Ophiuchus molecular cloud
• The Dependence of Protostellar Luminosity on Environment in the Cygnus-X Star-Forming Complex
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. II: The Effect of Dust Heating
• The Molecular Outflows in the rho Ophiuchi Main Cloud: Implications For Turbulence Generation
• ALMA observations of the young protostellar system Barnard 1b: signatures of an incipient hot corino in B1b-S
• Kinematics of the Ammonia Disk around the Protostar NGC 1333 IRAS 4A2
• WL 17: A Young Embedded Transition Disk
• KMOS study of the mass accretion rate from Class I to Class II in NGC 1333
• A highly efficient measure of mass segregation in star clusters
• Angular Momentum Transport by Acoustic Modes Generated in the Boundary Layer I: Hydrodynamical Theory and Simulations
• The outburst of an embedded low-mass YSO in L1641
• Cosmic-Ray Diffusion Suppression in Star-forming Regions Inhibits Clump Formation in Gas-rich Galaxies
• Star-Gas Surface Density Correlations in Twelve Nearby Molecular Clouds I: Data Collection and Star-Sampled Analysis
• Grain growth across protoplanetary discs: 10-micron silicate feature versus millimetre slope
• Spectroscopic properties of Young Stellar Objects in the Lupus Molecular Clouds
• From the CMF to the IMF: Beyond the Core-Collapse Model
• The substructure and halo population of the Double Cluster $h$ and $\chi$ Persei
• Lack of PAH emission toward low-mass embedded young stellar objects
• The end of star formation in Chamaeleon I ? A LABOCA census of starless and protostellar cores
• The Single-Cloud Star Formation Relation
• Recent star formation in the Lupus clouds as seen by Herschel
• Decrease of the organic deuteration during the evolution of Sun-like protostars: the case of SVS13-A
• Massive and low-mass protostars in massive "starless" cores
• SMA observations of the polarized dust emission in solar-type Class 0 protostars: the magnetic field properties at envelope scales
• A WISE Census of Young Stellar Objects in Canis Major
• Apparent disk-mass reduction and planetesimal formation in gravitationally unstable disks in Class 0/I YSOs
• The Anatomy of the Column Density Probability Distribution Function (N-PDF)
• Feedback regulated star formation: II. dual constraints on the SFE and the age spread of stars in massive clusters
• Herschel Observations of the W3 GMC: Clues to the Formation of Clusters of High-Mass Stars
• The Dependence of Star Formation Efficiency on Gas Surface Density
• Eruptive Variable Stars and Outflows in Serpens NW
• An Evolutionary Model for Collapsing Molecular Clouds and Their Star Formation Activity. II. Mass Dependence of the Star Formation Rate
• The Protostellar Mass Function
• A Wide-field Near- and Mid-Infrared Census of Young Stars in NGC 6334
• Embedded protostellar disks around (sub-)solar stars. II. Disk masses, sizes, densities, temperatures and the planet formation perspective
• The debris disk host star HD 61005: a member of the Argus Association?
• Herschel Observations of a Potential Core Forming Clump: Perseus B1-E
• The JCMT Legacy Survey of the Gould Belt: a first look at Serpens with HARP
• Origins Space Telescope Mission Concept Study Report
• Main-sequence stars masquerading as Young Stellar Objects in the central molecular zone
• Variable accretion in the embedded phase of stellar evolution
• The observable prestellar phase of the IMF
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Young NGC 2024 Cluster
• Probing the Protostellar Envelope around L1157: the Dust and Gas Connection
• A submillimetre survey of the kinematics of the Perseus molecular cloud: I. data
• PRODIGE -- Envelope to Disk with NOEMA II. Small-scale temperature structure and a streamer feeding the SVS13A protobinary using CH3CN and DCN
• Internal motions in OB-associations with Gaia DR2
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of radiative feedback in NGC1333
• The ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury. X. Quantifying the Star Cluster Formation Efficiency of Nearby Dwarf Galaxies
• A census of $\rho$ Oph candidate members from Gaia DR2
• YSOVAR: Mid-IR variability in the star forming region Lynds 1688
• A First-Look Atmospheric Modeling Study of the Young Directly-Imaged Planet-Mass Companion, ROXs 42Bb
• Physical properties of the ambient medium and of dense cores in the Perseus star-forming region derived from Herschel Gould Belt Survey observations
• Confronting Outflow-Regulated Cluster Formation Model with Observations
• ALMA Observations of Starless Core Substructure in Ophiuchus
• POISSON project - III - Investigating the evolution of the mass accretion rate
• Deuterated water in the solar-type protostars NGC 1333 IRAS 4A and IRAS 4B
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry. High resolution C18O and continuum observations towards deeply embedded protostars in Perseus
• Star-formation rates from young-star counts and the structure of the ISM across the NGC346/N66 complex in the SMC
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. XII. The Perseus YSO Population as Observed with IRAC and MIPS
• Fragmenting protostellar disks: properties and observational signatures
• SMA and Spitzer Observations of Bok Glouble CB17: A Candidate First Hydrostatic Core?
• The effect of episodic accretion on the phase transition of CO and CO_2 in low-mass star formation
• Understanding the water emission in the mid- and far-IR from protoplanetary disks around T~Tauri stars
• Impact of relativistic jets on the star formation rate: a turbulence-regulated framework
• Dust, Ice and Gas in Time (DIGIT) Herschel program first results: A full PACS-SED scan of the gas line emission in protostar DK Cha
• CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey: Project Overview with Analysis of Dense Gas Structure and Kinematics in Barnard 1
• JWST/NIRSpec Reveals the Nested Morphology of Disk Winds from Young Stars
• What is the role of stellar radiative feedback in setting the stellar mass spectrum?
• Assessing molecular outflows and turbulence in the protostellar cluster Serpens South
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA). II. The effect of stellar multiplicity on disc properties
• Shockingly low water abundances in Herschel / PACS observations of low-mass protostars in Perseus
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. I. The Science Demonstration Phase Fields
• A Survey for New Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Ophiuchus Star-forming Complex
• Cosmological Implications of a Stellar Initial Mass Function that Varies with the Jeans Mass in Galaxies
• Star cluster formation with stellar feedback and large-scale inflow
• Far-infrared Observations of the Very Low-Luminosity Embedded Source L1521F-IRS in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• Explaining the luminosity spread in young clusters: proto and pre-main sequence stellar evolution in a molecular cloud environment
• JOYS: JWST Observations of Young protoStars: Outflows and accretion in the high-mass star-forming region IRAS23385+605
• Molecular Outflows Identified in the FCRAO CO Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Luminosity outburst chemistry in protoplanetary discs: going beyond standard tracers
• Physical environment of massive star-forming region W42
• How Starless Are Starless Cores?
• Disk structure around the Class I protostar L1489 IRS revealed by ALMA: a warped disk system
• Near-infrared spectroscopy of EX Lupi in outburst
• Photoevaporation of Jeans-unstable molecular clumps
• Embedded Binaries and Their Dense Cores
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Data Reduction and Calibration Methods
• The IMF and multiplicity of stars from gravity, turbulence, magnetic fields, radiation and outflow feedback
• The clearing of discs around late type T Tauri stars: constraints from the infrared two colour plane
• The effect of radiative feedback on disc fragmentation
• An Analysis of the Environments of FU Orionis Objects with Herschel
• Accretion Flows or Outflow Cavities? Uncovering the Gas Dynamics around Lupus 3-MMS
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. I. The importance of the inner sub-au region
• On the distribution of protostar masses
• The Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks in the Arches Cluster
• Giant molecular clouds in the non-grand design spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• The roles of stellar feedback and galactic environment in star forming molecular clouds
• B-fields in Star-Forming Region Observations (BISTRO): Magnetic Fields in the Filamentary Structures of Serpens Main
• A new raytracer for modeling AU-scale imaging of lines from protoplanetary disks
• Synthetic Observations of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Cores
• Multi-wavelength study of the star-formation in the S237 H II region
• Young stellar population and ongoing star formation in the HII complex Sh2-252
• How do T Tauri stars accrete
• L1188: a promising candidate of cloud-cloud collision triggering the formation of the low- and intermediate-mass stars
• High-pressure, low-abundance water in bipolar outflows. Results from a Herschel-WISH survey
• Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA - 1.3 mm Subcompact Data Release
• Three intermediate-mass YSOs with different properties emerging from the same natal cloud in IRAS 00117+6412
• The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Distribution of Magnetic Field Strengths towards the OMC-1 Region
• ALMA ${}^{12}$CO (J=1--0) imaging of the nearby galaxy M83: Variations in the efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds
• JCMT HARP CO 3-2 Observations of Molecular Outflows in W5
• H$\alpha$ Morphologies of Star Clusters in 16 LEGUS Galaxies: Constraints on HII region evolution timescales
• Star formation in W3 - AFGL333: Young stellar content, properties and roles of external feedback
• Internal Motions in Starless Dense Cores
• Protostellar half-life: new methodology and estimates
• Disk Masses at the end of the main accretion phase: CARMA Observations and Multi-Wavelength Modeling of Class I Protostars
• Star formation: statistical measure of the correlation between the prestellar core mass function and the stellar initial mass function
• A Census of the Circumstellar Disk Populations in the Sco-Cen Complex
• The stellar contents and star formation in the NGC 7538 region
• The AKARI FIS YSO Catalogue
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results
• Knotty protostellar jets as a signature of episodic protostellar accretion?
• Mass segregation and sequential star formation in NGC 2264 revealed by Herschel
• Evidence for Radial Expansion at the Core of the Orion Complex with Gaia EDR3
• Structure Formation in a Young Protoplanetary Disk by a Magnetic Disk Wind
• VLTI/MIDI atlas of disks around low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects
• The Initial Conditions of Clustered Star Formation III. The Deuterium Fractionation of the Ophiuchus B2 Core
• Detection of interstellar ortho-D2H+ with SOFIA
• First Magnetic Field Detection on a Class I Protostar
• A model for the onset of self-gravitation and star formation in molecular gas governed by galactic forces: II. the bottleneck to collapse set by cloud-environment decoupling
• A Spitzer View of Mon OB1 East/NGC 2264
• Embedded Young Stellar Object Candidates in the Active Star Forming Complex W51: Mass Function and Spatial Distribution
• Star formation in the first galaxies - III. Formation, evolution, and characteristics of the first stellar cluster
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Class III Stars: Early Planetesimal Belt Formation and Rapid Disk Dispersal
• New insights in the HII region G18.88-0.49: hub-filament system and accreting filaments
• Water in Low-Mass Star-Forming Regions with Herschel: The Link Between Water Gas and Ice in Protostellar Envelopes
• The long-term evolution of star clusters formed with a centrally-peaked star-formation-efficiency profile
• Untangling the Galaxy III: Photometric Search for Pre-main Sequence Stars with Deep Learning
• Young Faithful: The Eruptions of EC 53 as It Cycles through Filling and Draining the Inner Disk
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• Brown Dwarf Binaries from Disintegrating Triple Systems
• Spatial distribution of star formation related to ionized regions throughout the inner Galactic plane
• Probing Episodic Accretion in Very Low Luminosity Objects
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• The Dynamical State of The Serpens South Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud
• Mass and luminosity evolution of young stellar objects
• Magnetorotational instability and dynamo action in gravitoturbulent astrophysical discs
• Nobeyama 45-m mapping observations toward nearby molecular clouds, Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17: Project overview
• Formation and evolution of a protoplanetary disk: combining observations, simulations and cosmochemical constraints
• The JCMT BISTRO survey: alignment between outflows and magnetic fields in dense cores/clumps
• Extreme infrared variables from UKIDSS - II. an end-of-survey catalogue of eruptive YSOs and unusual stars
• An Unbiased Spectral Line Survey toward R CrA IRS7B in the 345 GHz Window with ASTE
• A Hot Gap Around Jupiter's Orbit in the Solar Nebula
• Star formation in dense clusters
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• The 2008 outburst in the young stellar system ZCMa: I. Evidence of an enhanced bipolar wind on the AU-scale
• Planck Cold Clumps in the $\lambda$ Orionis complex. II. Environmental effects on core formation
• Discovering Protostars and their Host Clusters via WISE
• V899 Mon: An Outbursting Protostar With Peculiar Light Curve And Its Transition Phases
• The $\rho$ Oph region revisited with Gaia EDR3
• Planck cold clumps in the $\lambda$ Orionis complex: I. Discovery of an extremely young Class 0 protostellar object and a proto-brown dwarf candidate in a bright rimmed clump PGCC G192.32-11.88
• APOGEE strings: a fossil record of the gas kinematic structure
• Scaling relations of the properties for CO resolved structures in nearby spiral galaxies
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores XI : Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of CB130
• Young Stellar Objects in the Massive Star-Forming Regions W51 and W43
• Arkenstone I: A Novel Method for Robustly Capturing High Specific Energy Outflows In Cosmological Simulations
• Short and long term near-infrared spectroscopic variability of eruptive protostars from VVV
• JWST Peers into the Class I Protostar TMC1A: Atomic Jet and Spatially Resolved Dissociative Shock Region
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• Observational signatures of cloud-cloud collision in the extended star-forming region S235
• Observational signatures of end-dominated collapse in the S242 filamentary structure
• Extreme Infrared Variables from UKIDSS - I. A Concentration in Star Forming Regions
• The first 40 million years of circumstellar disk evolution: the signature of terrestrial planet formation
• The Frequency Of Binary Star Interlopers Amongst Transitional Discs
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron survey of protoplanetary discs in the sigma Orionis cluster
• High-Resolution Submillimeter and Near-Infrared Studies of the Transition Disk around Sz 91
• The dynamical state of the First Hydrostatic Core Candidate Cha-MMS1
• Lifetime of the embedded phase of low-mass star formation and the envelope depletion rates
• The frequency of large variations in the near-infrared fluxes of T Tauri stars
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: First results from SCUBA-2 observations of the Cepheus Flare Region
• The CDF Archive: Herschel PACS and SPIRE Spectroscopic Data Pipeline and Products for Protostars and Young Stellar Objects
• Radiative Transfer modeling of EC 53: An Episodically Accreting Class I Young Stellar Object
• Classifying the embedded young stellar population in Perseus and Taurus & the LOMASS database
• GIARPS High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT). III. A pilot study of stellar and accretion properties
• First Detection of Ammonia in the Large Magellanic Cloud: The Kinetic Temperature of Dense Molecular Cores in N159W
• Disruption of Hierarchical Clustering in the Vela OB2 Complex and the Cluster Pair Collinder 135 and UBC7 with Gaia EDR3: Evidence of Supernova Quenching
• ALMA detections of the youngest protostars in Ophiuchus
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: A Virial Analysis of Gould Belt Clouds in Data Release 1
• New Insights into the Physical Conditions and Internal Structure of a Candidate Proto-Globular Cluster
• Do siblings always form and evolve simultaneously? Testing the coevality of multiple protostellar systems through SEDs
• The Progression of Star Formation in the Rosette Molecular Cloud
• A general hybrid radiation transport scheme for star formation simulations on an adaptive grid
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Identifying Submillimetre Continuum Variability over Several Year Timescales Using Archival JCMT Gould Belt Survey Observations
• DIGIT: Herschel and Spitzer spectro-imaging of SMM3 and SMM4 in Serpens
• Interplay between chemistry and dynamics in embedded protostellar disks
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: A First Look at IC 5146
• CO in Protostars (COPS): $Herschel$-SPIRE Spectroscopy of Embedded Protostars
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS). Overview of gaseous molecular emission and absorption in low-mass protostars
• Populations of Young Stellar Objects in Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Methanol maps of low-mass protostellar systems: the Serpens Molecular Core
• From kpcs to the central parsec of NGC 1097: feeding star formation and a black hole at the same time
• Star formation around mid-infrared bubble N37: Evidence of cloud-cloud collision
• Uncertainties in supernova input rates drive qualitative differences in simulations of galaxy evolution
• The Gould's Belt Very Large Array Survey II: The Serpens region
• Chemical survey of Class I protostars with the IRAM-30m
• c2d Spitzer IRS spectra of embedded low-mass young stars: gas-phase emission lines
• The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. VI. The Auriga-California Molecular Cloud observed with IRAC and MIPS
• Confirmation of the VeLLO L1148-IRS: Star Formation at very low (Column) Density
• Chemistry of a newly detected circumbinary disk in Ophiuchus
• Water around IRAS15398-3359 observed with ALMA
• Diagnosing 0.1-10 au scale morphology of the FU\,Ori disk using ALMA and VLTI/GRAVITY
• The influence of the environment on the spin evolution of low-mass stars. I. External photoevaporation of circumstellar disks
• Age spreads and the temperature dependence of age estimates in Upper Sco
• APEX/SABOCA observations of small-scale structure of infrared-dark clouds I. Early evolutionary stages of star-forming cores
• Molecular gas cloud properties at $z\simeq 1$ revealed by the superb angular resolution achieved with ALMA and gravitational lensing
• The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. V. Ophiuchus North Observed with IRAC and MIPS
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Evidence for radiative heating in Serpens MWC 297 and its influence on local star formation
• Simulating Observations of Ices in Protoplanetary Disks
• Results from DROXO. III. Observation, source list and X-ray properties of sources detected in the "Deep Rho Ophiuchi XMM-Newton Observation"
• APOGEE chemical tagging constraint on the maximum star cluster mass in the $\alpha$-enhanced Galactic disk
• Extension of HOPS Out to 500 ParSecs (eHOPS). I. Identification and Modeling of Protostars in the Aquila Molecular Clouds
• New insights in the mid-infrared bubble N49 site: a clue of collision of filamentary molecular clouds
• The ALMA Early Science View of FUor/EXor objects. IV. Misaligned Outflows in the Complex Star-forming Environment of V1647 Ori and McNeil's Nebula
• Early science with the Large Millimetre Telescope: An LMT/AzTEC 1.1 mm Survey of Dense Cores in the Monoceros R2 Giant Molecular Cloud
• Misaligned Twin Molecular Outflows From Class-0 Proto-stellar Binary System VLA 1623A Unveiled by ALMA
• Star Formation Activity in the molecular cloud G35.20$-$0.74: onset of cloud-cloud collision
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• Effect of MHD wind-driven disk evolution on the observed sizes of protoplanetary disks
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Dense Core Clusters in Orion B
• Herschel observations of the Galactic HII region RCW 79
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of circumstellar disks in L 1495
• Structural studies of eight bright rimmed clouds in the southern hemisphere
• A spider-like outflow in Barnard 5 - IRS 1: The transition from a collimated jet to a wide-angle outflow?
• The VISTA Orion mini-survey: star formation in the Lynds 1630 North cloud
• Stellar cores in the Sh 2-305 H II region
• Pre-Main Sequence stars in the star forming complex Sh 2-284
• On the mid-IR variability of candidate eruptive variables (EXors): a comparison between Spitzer and WISE data
• Ring formation by coagulation of dust aggregates in early phase of disk evolution around a protostar
• Magnetic Field Structure in Spheroidal Star-Forming Clouds
• The evolutionary tracks of young massive star clusters
• The Serpens filament: at the onset of slightly supercritical collapse
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk. II. Gas temperature and a warm outer region
• Herschel survey of brown dwarf disks in Rho Ophiuchi
• Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES) -- Full Data Release
• Edge collapse and subsequent longitudinal accretion in Filament S242
• Mass transport from the envelope to the disk of V346 Nor: a case study for the luminosity problem in an FUor-type young eruptive star
• Observational signatures of outbursting protostars -- II: Exploring a wide range of eruptive protostars
• What Sets the Slope of the Molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation?
• Ambipolar Diffusion in Action: Transient C shock Structure and Prestellar Core Formation
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). VI. Dense gas and mini-starbursts in the W43 giant molecular cloud complex
• How galactic environment regulates star formation
• Star formation in the filament of S254-S258 OB complex: a cluster in the process of making
• MUSTANG 3.3 Millimeter Continuum Observations of Class 0 Protostars
• Tidal tails of open star clusters as probes to early gas expulsion II: Predictions for Gaia
• Are turbulent spheres suitable initial conditions for star-forming clouds?
• Mid-J CO observations of Perseus B1-East 5: evidence for turbulent dissipation via low-velocity shocks
• Gaia DR2 view of the Lupus V-VI clouds: the candidate diskless young stellar objects are mainly background contaminants
• Protoplanetary dust porosity and FU Orionis Outbursts: Solving the mystery of Earth's missing volatiles
• Cloud Properties and Correlations with Star Formation in Numerical Simulations of the Three-Phase ISM
• Infrared Dark Cloud Cores in the SCUBA Legacy Catalogue
• The Small-Scale Physical Structure and Fragmentation Difference of Two Embedded Intermediate Mass Protostars in Orion
• Photoionising feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds
• The $Spitzer$ infrared spectrograph survey of protoplanetary disks in Orion A: I. disk properties
• Molecular clouds and star formation toward the Galactic plane within 216.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ l $\le$218.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}$ and $-$0.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ b $\le$1.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}$
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry: Comparing synthetic C18O maps of embedded protostars to real observations
• Star formation in the Sh 2-53 region influenced by accreting molecular filaments
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk I. Dust Settling in a Cold Disk
• "Starless" Super-Jeans Cores in Four Gould Belt Clouds
• The G305 star-forming complex: radio continuum and molecular line observations
• Large-scale numerical simulations of star formation put to the test: Comparing synthetic images and actual observations for statistical samples of protostars
• Disentangling the jet emission from protostellar systems. The ALMA view of VLA1623
• Understanding polarized dust emission from $\rho$ Ophiuchi A in light of grain alignment and disruption by radiative torques
• Probing the Physics of Star-Formation (ProPStar): II. The first systematic search for streamers toward protostars
• The circumstellar environment around the embedded protostar EC 53
• LBT/LUCIFER near-infrared spectroscopy of PV Cephei. An outbursting young stellar object with an asymmetric jet
• Observational signatures of outbursting protostars - I: From hydrodynamic simulations to observations
• Star-forming filament models
• Empirically-motivated early feedback: momentum input by stellar feedback in galaxy simulations inferred through observations
• Non-linear dense core formation in the dark cloud L1517
• Proper motions of collimated jets from intermediate-mass protostars in the Carina Nebula
• Substellar-Mass Condensations in Prestellar Cores
• Do we need non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics to model protostellar discs?
• The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. IV. Lupus V and VI Observed with IRAC and MIPS
• LABOCA mapping of the infrared dark cloud MSXDC G304.74+01.32
• Widening of Protostellar Outflows: an Infrared Outflow Survey in Low Luminosity Objects
• Cosmological simulations of the same spiral galaxy: the impact of baryonic physics
• Proper Motions of Young Stellar Outflows in the Mid-Infrared with Spitzer (IRAC). I. The NGC 1333 region
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. II. The tips of the Galactic bar
• An analysis of the deuterium fractionation of star-forming cores in the Perseus molecular cloud
• Cloud-Cloud Collision Induced Star Formation in IRAS 18223-1243
• Dynamics during outburst: VLTI observations of the young eruptive star V1647 Ori during its 2003-2006 outburst
• An observational correlation between magnetic field, angular momentum and fragmentation in the envelopes of Class 0 protostars?
• The role of the turbulence driving mode for the Initial Mass Function
• Different Dynamical Ages for the Two Young and Coeval LMC Star Clusters NGC 1805 and NGC 1818 Imprinted on Their Binary Populations
• Follow-up Imaging of Disk Candidates from the Disk Detective Citizen Science Project: New Discoveries and False-Positives in WISE Circumstellar Disk Surveys
• The formation of a Spitzer bubble RCW79 triggered by cloud-cloud collision
• Molecular Cloud Evolution VI. Measuring cloud ages
• Infrared study of transitional disks in Ophiuchus with Herschel
• Synthetic observations of first hydrostatic cores in collapsing low-mass dense cores II. Simulated ALMA dust emission maps
• IRAS 16253-2429: the First Proto-Brown Dwarf Binary Candidate Identified through Dynamics of Jets
• Revealing The Millimeter Environment of the New FU Orionis Candidate HBC722 with the Submillimeter Array
• Does God play dice with star clusters?
• Accretion and Diffusion Timescales in Sheets and Filaments
• Optical TiO and VO band emission in two embedded protostars: IRAS 04369+2539 and IRAS 05451+0037
• The Circumstellar Disk and Asymmetric outflow of the EX Lup Outburst System
• The Identification of 93 Day Periodic Photometric Variability for YSO YLW 16A
• [Fe II] jets from intermediate-mass protostars in Carina
• Testing 24 micron and Infrared Luminosity as Star Formation Tracers for Galactic Star Forming Regions
• Viscous Heating and Boundary Layer Accretion in the Disk of Outbursting Star FU Orionis
• Diverse protostellar evolutionary states in the young cluster AFGL961
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Evidence for radiative heating and contamination in the W40 complex
• Externally heated protostellar cores in the Ophiuchus star-forming region
• The feedback of atomic jets from embedded protostars in NGC 1333
• The Gould's Belt Very Large Array Survey V: The Perseus Region
• YSOVAR: Mid-infrared Variability Among YSOs in the Star Formation Region GGD 12-15
• Extremely Dense Cores associated with Chandra Sources in Ophiuchus A: Forming Brown Dwarfs Unveiled?
• Large-eddy simulations of isolated disc galaxies with thermal and turbulent feedback
• Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
• The Effects of Inhomogeneities within Colliding Flows on the Formation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds
• Protostar mass functions in young clusters
• Inferring possible magnetic field strength of accreting inflows in EXor-type objects from scaled laboratory experiments
• The role of low-mass star clusters in forming the massive stars in DR 21
• The molecular cloud S242: physical environment and star formation activities
• IN-SYNC. VIII. Primordial Disk Frequencies in NGC 1333, IC 348, and the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• The young cluster NGC 2282 : a multi-wavelength perspective
• Re-appearance of McNeil's nebula (V1647 Orionis) and its outburst environment
• Global Collapses and Expansions in Star-Forming Clouds
• New Young Star Candidates in BRC 27 and BRC 34
• Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• Multi-wavelength study of triggered star formation around mid-infrared bubble N14
• DZ Cha: a bona fide photoevaporating disc
• DR 21 South Filament: a Parsec-sized Dense Gas Accretion Flow onto the DR 21 Massive Young Cluster
• Bayesian inference of T Tauri star properties using multi-wavelength survey photometry
• The Dynamics, Structure, and Fate of a Young Cluster During Gas Dispersal: Hectoschelle, Chandra, Spitzer, and Gaia Observations of CepOB3b
• Kinematics of a young low-mass star forming core: Understanding the evolutionary state of the First Core Candidate L1451-mm
• A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster
• Herschel Observations of the W3 GMC (II): Clues to the Formation of Clusters of High-Mass Stars
• [CII] $158\mu \mathrm{m}$ line emission from Orion A. I. A template for extragalactic studies?
• NGC 3314a/b and NGC 3312: Ram pressure stripping in Hydra I Cluster substructure
• The Accelerating Pace of Star Formation
• CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey: Dense Gas in the Young L1451 Region of Perseus
• Proper motions of molecular hydrogen outflows in the Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region
• Outflows in rho Ophiuchi as Seen with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera
• Large-Scale CO Maps of the Lupus Molecular Cloud Complex
• The Possibility of Forming Propargyl Alcohol in the Interstellar Medium
• TRAO Survey of the nearby filamentary molecular clouds, the universal nursery of stars (TRAO FUNS). II. Filaments and Dense cores in IC 5146
• Outflows, envelopes, and disks as evolutionary indicators in Lupus YSOs
• Star formation around the mid-infrared bubble CN 148
• Astro & cosmo-chemical consequences of accretion bursts I: the D/H ratio of water
• R CrA SMM1A: Fragmentation in A Prestellar Core
• Dust grains cannot grow to millimeter sizes in protostellar envelopes
• Very low-luminosity Class I/Flat outflow sources in sigma Orionis
• X-ray embedded stars as driving sources of outflow-driven turbulence in OMC1-S
• An Estimation of the Star Formation Rate in the Perseus Complex
• The Invisible Majority? Evolution and Detection of Outer Planetary Systems without Gas Giants
• Two dimensional ice mapping of molecular cores
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• Physical properties of dense cores in Orion B9
• A Mid-Infrared Study of Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companions using Archival Spitzer/IRAC Images
• The small and the beautiful: How the star formation law affects galactic disk structure
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• Stellar age spreads in clusters as imprints of cluster-parent clump densities
• Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies
• 870 Micron Dust Continuum of the Youngest Protostars in Ophiuchus
• AMI-LA radio continuum observations of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores: Perseus region
• ORion Alma New GEneration Survey (ORANGES) I. Dust continuum and free-free emission of OMC-2/3 filament protostars
• Searching for spectroscopic binaries within transition disk objects
• A survey of T Tauri stars with AKARI toward the Taurus-Auriga region
• Photometric and spectroscopic study of the EXor-like eruptive young star Gaia19fct
• Recurrent strong outbursts of an EXor-like young eruptive star Gaia20eae
• Unraveling the observational signatures of cloud-cloud collision and hub-filament systems in W31
• VLA cm-wave survey of young stellar objects in the Oph A cluster: constraining extreme UV- and X-ray-driven disk photo-evaporation -- A pathfinder for Square Kilometre Array studies
• Searching for Molecular Outflows with Support Vector Machines: Dark Cloud Complex in Cygnus
• The physics and modes of star cluster formation: simulations
• Gas and dust in the star-forming region rho Oph A: II. The gas in the PDR and in the dense cores
• Ammonia observations in the LBV nebula G79.29+0.46. Discovery of a cold ring and some warm spots
• Understanding formation of young, distributed low-mass stars and clusters in the W4 cloud complex
• Physical properties of accretion shocks toward the Class I protostellar system Oph-IRS 44
• Dependence of Chemical Abundance on the Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate in IC 348
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk IV. Nitric oxide gas and a lack of CN tracing sublimating ices and a C/O ratio $<1$
• Convective settling in main sequence stars: Li and Be depletion
• Herschel Observations of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• Distinguishing post-AGB impostors in a sample of pre-main sequence stars
• Assessing the Performance of a Machine Learning Algorithm in Identifying Bubbles in Dust Emission
• The Near-Infrared Outflow and Cavity of the proto-Brown Dwarf Candidate ISO-Oph 200
• A Naive Bayes Classifier for identifying Class II YSOs
• ALMA Observations of Young Eruptive Stars: continuum disk sizes and molecular outflows
• Identification of transitional disks in Chamaeleon with Herschel
• The SOFIA FEEDBACK Legacy Survey: Rapid molecular cloud dispersal in RCW 79
• On the origin of C${}_4$H and CH${}_3$OH in protostellar envelopes
• Searching for planetary-mass T-dwarfs in the core of Serpens
• Detection of Photospheric Features in the Near-Infrared Spectrum of a Class 0 Protostar
• A census of young stellar population associated with the Herbig Be star HD 200775
• The Near Stellar Environment of Class 0 Protostars: A First Look with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: unbiased survey of dense cores and core mass functions in Orion A
• Growing the seeds of pebble accretion through planetesimal accretion
• The study of a system of H II regions toward l = 24.8 deg, b = 0.1 deg at the Galactic bar - Norma arm interface
• Unveiling the importance of magnetic fields in the evolution of dense clumps formed at the waist of bipolar H II regions: a case study on Sh2-201 with JCMT SCUBA-2/POL-2
• The evolutionary status of dense cores in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4 region
• A Systematic Search for Molecular Outflows Toward Candidate Low-Luminosity Protostars and Very Low Luminosity Objects
• ALMA reveals a pseudo-disc in a proto-brown dwarf
• The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Evidence for Pinched Magnetic Fields in Quiescent Filaments of NGC 1333
• The Physical Structure of Protoplanetary Disks: the Serpens Cluster Compared with Other Regions
• An Observed Lack of Substructure in Starless Cores II: Super-Jeans Cores
• Protostellar classification using supervised machine learning algorithms
• Star-forming gas in young clusters
• Starless Cloud Core L1517B in Envelope Expansion with Core Collapse
• ALMA Observations of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Starburst Dwarf Galaxy Henize 2-10
• Unveiling molecular clouds toward bipolar HII region G8.14+0.23
• Absence of Significant Cool Disks in Young Stellar Objects Exhibiting Repetitive Optical Outbursts
• Gravitoturbulence in magnetised protostellar discs
• CO Outflow Survey of 68 Very Low Luminosity Objects: a Search for Proto-Brown Dwarf Candidates
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• Evolution of Magnetic Fields in Collapsing Star-forming Clouds under Different Environments
• A Density Dependence for Protostellar Luminosity in Class I Sources: Collaborative Accretion
• Which Part of Dense Cores Feeds Material to Protostars?: The Case of L1489 IRS
• The star formation law in Galactic high-mass star-forming molecular clouds
• The Astrophysical Environment of the Solar Birthplace
• Grain Growth During Protostellar Disk Formation
• The Arizona Radio Observatory CO Mapping Survey of Galactic Molecular Clouds: III. The Serpens Cloud in CO J=2-1 and 13CO J=2-1 Emission
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation (EPoS): Temperature, density, and kinematic structure of the star-forming core CB 17
• On the incidence of episodic accretion in Class I YSOs from VVV
• Star Formation Activity in the Long, Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G53.2
• The nature of very low luminosity objects (VeLLOs)
• ATLASGAL -- Star forming efficiencies and the Galactic star formation rate
• Physical and Chemical Structure of the Disk and Envelope of the Class 0/I Protostar L1527
• Kinematics of powerful jets from intermediate-mass protostars in the Carina nebula
• The most variable VVV sources: eruptive protostars, dipping giants in the Nuclear Disc and others
• Properties of the Molecular Cores of Low Luminosity Objects
• Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disk Masses in the Serpens Region
• Chemo-dynamical simulations of dwarf galaxy evolution
• PRODIGE -- envelope to disk with NOEMA. IV. An infalling gas bridge surrounding two Class 0/I systems in L1448N
• Thermochemical modelling of brown dwarf discs
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XI: Efficient Turbulence Driven Lyα Escape and the Analysis of IR, CO and [C II]158 μm
• The location, clustering, and propagation of massive star formation in giant molecular clouds
• Disks around young planetary-mass objects: Ultradeep Spitzer imaging of NGC1333
• Precessing Jet and Large Dust Grains in the V380 Ori NE Star-forming Region
• The physical environment around IRAS 17599-2148: infrared dark cloud and bipolar nebula
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE). I. Early ALMA Survey: observations and massive data reduction
• Interstellar anatomy of the TeV gamma-ray peak in the IC443 supernova remnant
• Demographics of Protoplanetary Disks: A Simulated Population of Edge-on Systems
• Detection of a dense SiO jet in the evolved protostellar phase
• Radio Properties of Young Stellar Objects in the Core of the Serpens South Infrared Dark Cloud
• AMI Large Array radio continuum observations of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores
• Influence of Wolf-Rayet stars on surrounding star-forming molecular clouds
• On the distribution of the Cold Neutral Medium in galaxy discs
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• ALMA Observations of SMM11 Reveal an Extremely Young Protostar in Serpens Main Cluster
• The Spitzer-IRAC Point Source Catalog of the Vela-D Cloud
• Search for OB associations in {\sl Gaia} early Data Release 3
• The HH 24 Complex: Jets, Multiple Star Formation, and Orphaned Protostars
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Understanding the influence of molecular outflows on Gould Belt clouds
• Molecular Gas Toward the Gemini OB1 Molecular Cloud Complex II: CO Outflow Candidates with Possible WISE Associations
• Testing the star formation scaling relations in the clumps of the North American and Pelican cloud complexes
• A wide survey for circumstellar disks in the Lupus complex
• Star formation in Chamaeleon I and III: a molecular line study of the starless core population
• ALMA-IMF XVI: Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters
• Large scale star formation in Auriga region
• Is the molecular KS relationship universal down to low metallicities?
• Search for Alignment of Disk Orientations in Nearby Star-Forming Regions: Lupus, Taurus, Upper Scorpius, $\rho$ Ophiuchi, and Orion
• Photoevaporation of Molecular Clouds in Regions of Massive Star Formation as Revealed Through H${}_2$ and Br$\gamma$ Emission
• Role of environment and gas temperature in the formation of multiple protostellar systems: molecular tracers
• Linking ice and gas in the Lambda Orionis Barnard 35A cloud
• Interstellar planetesimals: potential seeds for planet formation?
• Propagation of Highly Efficient Star Formation in NGC 7000
• Gas infalling motions in the envelopes of Very Low Luminosity Objects
• Maps of Massive Clumps in the Early Stage of Cluster Formation: Two Modes of Cluster Formation, Coeval or Non-Coeval?
• Photometric and Spectroscopic monitoring of YSOs in nearby star forming regions. I. Eruptive YSOs
• Deconvolution of Images from BLAST 2005: Insight into the K3-50 and IC 5146 Star-Forming Regions
• Uncovering distinct environments in an extended physical system around the W33 complex
• Distributed YSOs in the Perseus Molecular Cloud from the Gaia and LAMOST Surveys
• G133.50+9.01: A likely cloud-cloud collision complex triggering the formation of filaments, cores and a stellar cluster
• Catalogue of High Protostellar Surface Density Regions in Nearby Embedded Clusters
• Origin and Evolution of Angular Momentum of Class II Disks
• The YSO Population in the Vela-D Molecular Cloud
• A multi-wavelength characterization of proto-brown dwarf candidates in Serpens
• Variation of the Core Lifetime and Fragmentation Scale in Molecular Clouds as an Indication of Ambipolar Diffusion
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Unveiling the Dynamics of the Barnard 59 star-forming Clump
• The Distinct Evolutionary Nature of two Class 0 Protostars in Serpens Main SMM4
• 13CO and C18O J=2-1 mapping of the environment of the Class 0 protostellar core SMM 3 in Orion B9
• An APEX survey of outflow and infall toward the youngest protostars in Orion
• Star formation activity in the neighbourhood of W-R 1503-160L star in the mid-infrared bubble N46
• Resolved star formation in the metal poor star-forming region Magellanic Bridge C
• Deep Near-Infrared Survey Toward the W40 and Serpens South Region in Aquila Rift: A Comprehensive Catalog of Young Stellar Objects
• VLA ammonia observations of L1287: analysis of the "Guitar" core and two filaments
• A Random Forest Approach to Identifying Young Stellar Object Candidates in the Lupus Star-Forming Region
• Protostar L1455 IRS1: Rotating Disk Connecting to Filamentary Network
• A search for cloud cores affected by shocked carbon chain chemistry in L1251
• A Chandra and Spitzer census of the young star cluster in the reflection nebula NGC 7129
• Infrared Dark Clouds and high-mass star formation activity in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• The JCMT Legacy Survey of the Gould Belt: a first look at Taurus with HARP
• Constraining the Chemical Signatures and the Outburst Mechanism of the Class 0 Protostar HOPS 383
• "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT) Herschel Observations of GSS30-IRS1 in Ophiuchus
• A Catalog of Low-Mass Star-Forming Cores Observed with SHARC-II at 350 microns
• The mid-IR water and silicate relation in protoplanetary disks
• Two-Dimensional Molecular Gas and ongoing star formation around H II region Sh2-104
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Galactic Center. II. Seeing Through the Ice-rich Envelopes
• Simulated observations of star formation regions: infrared evolution of globally collapsing clouds
• The density gradient inside molecular-gas clumps as a booster of their star formation activity
• Ices in starless and starforming cores
• Protoplanetary and Transitional Disks in the Open Stellar Cluster IC 2395
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Molecular Line Profiles of Collapsing Gas Clouds
• Insights from Synthetic Star-forming Regions: III. Calibration of Measurement Techniques of Star-formation Rates
• A Wide-Field Near-Ir H2 2.122$\mu$m line survey of the Braid Nebula Star Formation Region in Cygnus OB7
• Investigating the ultraviolet and infrared radiation through the turbulent life of molecular clouds
• Reconstructing three-dimensional densities from two-dimensional observations of molecular gas
• Cluster-forming site AFGL 5157: colliding filamentary clouds and star formation
• Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Galaxies in the AKARI All Sky Survey: Correlations with Galaxy Properties, and Their Physical Origin
• Filamentary Structures and Star Formation Activities in the Sites S234, V582, and IRAS 05231+3512
• Star formation conditions in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump, G108.84-00.81
• Velocity-Resolved [Ne III] from X-Ray Irradiated Sz 102 Microjets
• The Distribution of UV Radiation Field in the Molecular Clouds of Gould Belt
• Latest news on the Physics of Brown dwarfs
• Characterization of dense Planck clumps observed with Herschel and SCUBA-2
• Photoionising feedback and the star formation rates in galaxies
• Probing the physical conditions and star formation processes in the Galactic HII region S305
• Simulations of pre-supernova feedback in spherical clouds
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Globules and pillars in Cygnus X. II. Massive star formation in the globule IRAS~20319+3958
• On recent SFR calibrations and the constant SFR approximation
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars I. Origin of HCN and CN emission in the Serpens Main region
• Ice features of low-luminosity protostars in near-infrared spectra of AKARI/IRC
• A Survey of Deuterated Ammonia in the Cepheus Star-Forming Region L1251
• AMI-LA radio continuum observations of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores: Serpens region
• Herschel -PACS observations of [OI] and H2O in Cha II
• The disk around the brown dwarf KPNO Tau 3
• Resolving the Binary Components of the Outbursting Protostar HBC 494 with ALMA
• Deuterium chemistry and D/H ratios in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Physical conditions for dust grain alignment in Class 0 protostellar cores II. The role of the radiation field in models aligning/disrupting dust grains
• The Cassiopeia Filament: A Blown Spur of the Local Arm
• Radio monitoring of the periodically variable IR source LRLL 54361: No direct correlation between the radio and IR emissions
• Results from DROXO IV. EXTraS discovery of an X-ray flare from the Class I protostar candidate ISO-Oph 85
• Evidence of interacting elongated filaments in the star-forming site AFGL 5142
• The Gould's Belt Distances Survey
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? I. A comparison with analytical models of star formation
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• Mapping and characterizing magnetic fields in the Rho Ophiuchus-A molecular cloud with SOFIA/HAWC$+$
• A deep optical/near-infrared catalog of Serpens
• The young low-mass star ISO-Oph-50: Extreme variability induced by a clumpy, evolving circumstellar disk
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G013.313+0.193
• The Seahorse Nebula: New views of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G304.74+01.32 from SABOCA, Herschel, and WISE
• Dense Molecular Cores Being Externally Heated
• CO Outflow Candidates Toward the W3/4/5 Complex II: Feedback from Candidate Outflows
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Modelling Star Cluster Formation: Gas Accretion
• Detection of Substructures in Young Transition Disk WL 17
• Multiple outflows in the high-mass cluster forming region, G25.82-0.17
• Studying the effects and cause of the massive star formation in Messier 8 East
• Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41
• Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of the Quiescent Medium of Nearby Clouds: II. Ice Formation and Grain Growth in Perseus and Serpens
• Discovery of Young Methane Dwarfs in the Rho Ophiuchi L 1688 Dark Cloud
• Constraints on the non-thermal desorption of methanol in the cold core LDN 429-C
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• The embedded ring-like feature and star formation activities in G35.673-00.847
• Circumstellar disk accretion across the Lagoon Nebula: the influence of environment and stellar mass
• New insights in giant molecular cloud hosting S147/S153 complex: signatures of interacting clouds
• Mid-infrared blends and continuum signatures of dust drift and accretion in protoplanetary disks
• High-resolution CARMA Observation of Molecular Gas in the North America and Pelican Nebulae
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W band Filter.V. IC 348 and Barnard 5 in the Perseus Cloud
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G323.18+0.15
• Discovery of a Long-Lived, High Amplitude Dusty Infrared Transient
• Importance of thermal diffusion in the gravo-magnetic limit cycle
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Nature of an Off-galaxy H$\alpha$ Blob -- A Multi-wavelength View of Offset Cooling in a Merging Galaxy Group
• A Comprehensive Study of the Young Cluster IRAS 05100+3723: Properties, Surrounding Interstellar Matter, and Associated Star Formation
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• HOPS 361-C's Jet Decelerating and Precessing Through NGC 2071 IR
• A Case Study of Triggered Star Formation in Cygnus X
• The infrared and molecular environment surrounding the Wolf-Rayet star WR130
• ANTIHEROES-PRODIGE: Quantifying the connection from envelope to disk with the IRAM 30m telescope and NOEMA I. Attack of the streamers: L1448N's fight for order in the chaos
• A census of young stellar objects in two line-of-sight star forming regions toward IRAS 22147+5948 in the outer Galaxy
• UV-irradiated outflows from low-mass protostars in Ophiuchus with JWST/MIRI
• Sustaining Star Formation in the Galactic Star Cluster M 36?
• The Kinematic and Chemical Properties of a Potential Core-Forming Clump: Perseus B1-E
• A new parameterization of the star formation rate-dense gas mass relation: embracing gas density gradients
• Turbulence and its connection to episodic accretion in binary YSOs
• The dense-gas mass versus star formation rate relation: a misleading linearity?
• Extremely-bright submillimeter galaxies beyond the Lupus-I star-forming region
• Duration and properties of the embedded phase of star formation in 37 nearby galaxies from PHANGS-JWST
• Probing episodic accretion with chemistry: CALYPSO observations of IRAM 04191+1522. Results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey
• Study of infrared excess from circumstellar disks in binaries with Spitzer/IRAC
• Timescales of Solar System Formation Based on Al-Ti Isotope Correlation by Supernova Ejecta
• The G 305 Star-forming Region: II. Irregular variable stars
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Numerical Modeling and Evolution to Collapse
• Tracing the magnetic field morphology of the LDN 1172/1174 cloud complex
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• Assessing the accuracy of the star formation rate measurements by direct star count in molecular clouds
• Searching for Wide Companions and Identifying Circum(sub)stellar Disks through PSF-Fitting of Spitzer/IRAC Archival Images
• Insights into the first and second hydrostatic core stages from numerical simulations
• Planck Galactic Cold Clumps in Two Regions: the First Quadrant and the Anti-Center Direction Region
• Stellar Variability in a Forming Massive Star Cluster
• Completing the Protostellar Luminosity Function in Cygnus-X with SOFIA/FORCAST Imaging
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• Probabilistic Classification of Infrared-selected targets for SPHEREx mission: In search of YSOs
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• Turn up the light: Radiative efficiency of protostars at birth
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion
• Gravity or turbulence? VII. The Schmidt-Kennicutt law, the star formation efficiency, and the mass density of clusters from gravitational collapse rather than turbulent support
• Estimation of Stellar Parameters and Mass Accretion Rate of Classical T Tauri Stars from LAMOST DR6
• Imaging of HH80-81 jet in the NIR shock tracers H${}_2$ and [Fe II]
• Water emission tracing active star formation from the Milky Way to high-$z$ galaxies
• Evidence for disc regulation in the lowest-mass stars of the young stellar cluster NGC 2264
• A cautionary note about composite Galactic star formation relations
• Serpens Cluster B and VV Ser Observed With High Spatial Resolution at 70, 160, and 350um
• Can molecular clouds live long?
• Star formation around three co-moving HAeBe stars in the Cepheus Flare
• Stellar outbursts and chondrite composition
• Disk dissipation, giant planet formation and star-formation-rate fluctuations in the past three-million-year history of Gould's Belt
• Ionized filaments and ongoing physical processes in massive star-forming sites around l = 345.5 degree
• Discovery of a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass-loss
• Identification and parameter determination of F-type Herbig stars from LAMOST DR8
• Kronberger 55: A Candidate for End-dominated Collapse Scenario
• Investigating the asymmetry of young stellar outflows: Combined MUSE-X-shooter study of the Th 28 jet
• Characterising the physical and chemical properties of a young Class 0 protostellar core embedded in the Orion B9 filament
• The Discovery of Herbig-Haro Objects in LDN 673
• Precise determination of circumstellar disk lifetimes: Disk evolution in a single star-forming region
• Stellar evolution in the outer Galaxy
• Variable protostellar mass accretion rates in cloud cores
• Submillimeter continuum variability in Planck Galactic cold clumps
• Improving Accretion Diagnostics for Young Stellar Objects with Mid-infrared Hydrogen lines from JWST/MIRI
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey Complete Core Catalogue: Core mass function variations between nearby molecular clouds
• The accretion luminosity of Class I protostars
• Galactic chimney sweeping: the effect of 'gradual' stellar feedback mechanisms on the evolution of dwarf galaxies
• Tracing Embedded Stellar Populations in Clusters and Galaxies using Molecular Emission: Methanol as a Signature of the Low-Mass End of the IMF
• Molecular clumps disguising their star formation efficiency per freefall time: What we can do not to be fooled
• The Nature of Class I Sources: Periodic Variables in Orion
• A near-infrared variability study in the cloud IC1396W: low star-forming efficiency and two new eclipsing binaries
• Late encounter-events as a source of disks and spiral structures -- Forming second generation disks
• Cloud structure and young star distribution in the Dragonfish complex
• Effect of FIR Fluxes on Constraining Properties of YSOs
• Low-mass Star Formation: Observations
• Protostellar disc structure and dynamics during star formation from cloud-scale initial conditions
• Comparison of Herschel and ArTéMiS observations of massive filaments
• The Flying Saucer edge-on disc's Near Infrared silhouette revealed by the JWST JEDIce program
• DAWN. I. Simulating the formation and early evolution of stellar clusters with Phantom N-Body
• Theory of Feedback in Clusters and Molecular Cloud Turbulence
• New members of the Lupus I cloud based on Gaia astrometry Physical and accretion properties from X-Shooter spectra
• The kinematics of the magnetised protostellar core IRAS15398-3359
• Can Protostellar Outflows Set Stellar Masses?
• The Relative Importance of Thermal Gas, Radiation, and Magnetic Pressures Around Star-Forming Regions in Normal Galaxies and Dusty Starbursts
• Census of Variable Stars toward Serpens Main
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Four Year Summary of Monitoring the Submillimeter Variability of Protostars
• Magnetic Fields Studies in the Next Decade: EAO Submillimetre Futures White Paper Series, 2019
• Magnetic field measurements in a sample of Class I and flat-spectrum protostars observed with SPIRou
• The enhanced YSO population in Serpens
• The Radiowave Hunt for Young Stellar Object Emission and Demographics (RADIOHEAD): A Radio Luminosity$-$Spectral Type Dependence in Taurus$-$Auriga YSOs
• Constraints on star formation in Orion A from Gaia
• The Evolutionary Path of Star-Forming Clumps in Hi-GAL
• Environments of massive stars and the upper mass limit
• A framework for modeling the evolution of young stellar objects
• RIGEL: Feedback-regulated cloud-scale star formation efficiency in a simulated dwarf galaxy merger
• The Star Formation Factory revisited I. The impact of metallicity on collapsing star-forming clouds
• The Effelsberg survey of FU~Orionis and EX~Lupi objects II. -- H${}_2$O maser observations
• High-Resolution Observations of the Molecular Clouds Associated with the Huge HII Region CTB 102
• Star Formation in the Milky Way. The Infrared View
• Time series photometry and multi-wavelength characterisation of the young stellar cluster Mon R2
• Formation of star-forming clouds from the magnetised, diffuse interstellar medium
• Investigating the physical conditions in extended system hosting mid-infrared bubble N14
• Submillimetre Transient Science in the Next Decade: EAO Submillimetre Futures White Paper Series, 2019
• On volume density and star formation in nearby molecular clouds
• Do All Stars in the Solar Neighbourhood Form in Clusters?
• Evidence of Accretion Burst: The Viscously Heated Inner Disk of the Embedded Protostar IRAS 16316-1540
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Interstellar medium and star formation studies with the Square Kilometre Array
• FORCAST imaging of two small nearby Clusters: The Coronet and B59
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk
• A Multiband Catalog of Infrared-Excess Sources in the Vela-Carina Region: VVVX, DECaPS, and GLIMPSE
• Investigating star formation activity in the Sh 2-61 H II region
• WISE J044232.92+322734.9: A star-forming galaxy at redshift 1.1 seen through a Galactic dust clump?
• Contribution of binary stars to the velocity dispersion inside OB associations with Gaia DR2 data
• Variability in SSTc2d J163134.1-240100, a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass loss
• Substellar candidates at the earliest stages: the SUCANES database
• Galactic cold cores II. Herschel study of the extended dust emission around the first Planck detections
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks by Far-UV photons arising from neighbouring massive stars: observation of proplyds and modelling
• Linking Young Stellar Object Morphology to Evolutionary Stages with Self-Organizing Maps
• c-C3H2 deuteration towards prestellar and starless cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• The accretion-ejection connection in the asymmetric Th 28 jet revealed by MUSE-NFM
• Characterisation of an EXor outburst SPICY 97589
• S2D2: Small-scale Significant substructure DBSCAN Detection II. Tracing episodes and gradients of star formation activity
• Characterizing and spectrally modeling embedded FUor eruptions in the near-infrared
• A Dual-Band Centimetre Continuum Monitoring Survey of Young Stellar Objects in the Coronet Cluster
• Non-ideal MHD and protostellar feedback effects on disc formation and evolution in numerical simulations of star cluster formation
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• The identification of new Herbig Ae/Be stars from LAMOST DR7
• An S-shaped filament formed due to Cloud-Cloud Collision in molecular cloud G178.28-00.61
• Star formation in two irradiated globules around Cygnus OB2
• Are Stellar Embryos in Perseus Radio-Synchrotron Emitters? Statistical data analysis with Herschel and LOFAR paving the way for the SKA
• Automatic Detection of Accretion Bursts in Young Stellar Objects: a New Algorithm for Long--Term Sky Surveys
• Modes of star formation from Herschel
• The Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS). VII. A Photometric Study of the Young Open Cluster IC 1590