The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution

Abstract

Star clusters form in dense, hierarchically collapsing gas clouds. Bulk kinetic energy is transformed to turbulence with stars forming from cores fed by filaments. In the most compact regions, stellar feedback is least effective in removing the gas and stars may form very efficiently. These are also the regions where, in high-mass clusters, ejecta from some kind of high-mass stars are effectively captured during the formation phase of some of the low mass stars and effectively channeled into the latter to form multiple populations. Star formation epochs in star clusters are generally set by gas flows that determine the abundance of gas in the cluster. We argue that there is likely only one star formation epoch after which clusters remain essentially clear of gas by cluster winds. Collisional dynamics is important in this phase leading to core collapse, expansion and eventual dispersion of every cluster. We review recent developments in the field with a focus on theoretical work.

53 pages, 7 figures, preprint of a review to appear in Space Science Reviews Topical collection "Star formation". Changes in this version: updated comments line to to acceptance of the paper by the journal

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Cited by in corpus (70)

• Improving the open cluster census. II. An all-sky cluster catalogue with Gaia DR3
• Improving the open cluster census. III. Using cluster masses, radii, and dynamics to create a cleaned open cluster catalogue
• STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
• Star clusters near and far; tracing star formation across cosmic time
• The molecular cloud lifecycle
• Stars with Photometrically Young Gaia Luminosities Around the Solar System (SPYGLASS) I: Mapping Young Stellar Structures and their Star Formation Histories
• NGC5846-UDG1: A galaxy formed mostly by star formation in massive, extremely dense clumps of gas
• Revisiting the mass of open clusters with \emph{Gaia} data
• 3D Morphology of Open Clusters in the Solar Neighborhood with Gaia EDR3 II: Hierarchical Star Formation Revealed by Spatial and Kinematic Substructures
• Cluster assembly and the origin of mass segregation in the STARFORGE simulations
• Super Star Clusters in the Central Starburst of NGC 4945
• A Wide-Field View on Multiple Stellar Populations in 28 Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Evidence for Radial Expansion at the Core of the Orion Complex with Gaia EDR3
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• Effects of stellar density on the photoevaporation of circumstellar discs
• Inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations
• Cosmic nucleosynthesis: a multi-messenger challenge
• The Simons Observatory: Galactic Science Goals and Forecasts
• Inferring the presence of very massive stars in local star-forming regions
• Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with TNG. The old open clusters Collinder 350, Gulliver 51, NGC 7044, and Ruprecht 171
• GOALS-JWST: Revealing the Buried Star Clusters in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV 114
• The bound mass of Dehnen models with centrally peaked star formation efficiency
• Early-Forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly
• Massive Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS II: An ACS/WFC3 Survey of Nearby LIRGs
• Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
• SPYGLASS. II. The Multi-Generational and Multi-Origin Star Formation History of Cepheus Far North
• The Dependence of the Hierarchical Distribution of Star Clusters on Galactic Environment
• Multi-Scale Stellar Associations across the Star Formation Hierarchy in PHANGS-HST Nearby Galaxies: Methodology and Properties
• Mass Segregation in the Hyades Cluster
• Dating young open clusters using delta Scuti stars. Results for Trumpler 10 and Praesepe
• Birth Sites of Young Stellar Associations and Recent Star Formation in a Flocculent Corrugated Disk
• Hierarchical star formation in nearby galaxies
• Mass and wind luminosity of young Galactic open clusters in Gaia DR2
• Witnessing an extreme, highly efficient galaxy formation mode with resolved Ly$\alpha$ and LyC emission
• The VMC survey -- XLVII. Turbulence-Controlled Hierarchical Star Formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• BiPoS1 -- a computer programme for the dynamical processing of the initial binary star population
• Core-collapse supernova inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations
• SNe and their impact during the early evolution of Type I Globular Clusters
• A graph theory-based multi-scale analysis of hierarchical cascade in molecular clouds : Application to the NGC 2264 region
• Dust Buried Compact Sources in the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 4449
• X-ray emission from Westerlund 2 detected by SRG/ART-XC and Chandra: search for radiation of TeV leptons
• Radioactive isotopes in the interstellar medium
• A possible solution to the Milky Way's binary-deficient retrograde stellar population. Evidence that $\omega$ Centauri has formed in an extreme starburst
• Growing a nuclear star cluster from star formation and cluster mergers: The JWST NIRSpec view of NGC 4654
• Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41
• Dust-Evacuated Zones Near Massive Stars: Consequences of Dust Dynamics on Star-forming Regions
• Dynamic role of dust in formation of molecular clouds
• Unveiling the Binary Nature of NGC 2323
• Escaping the maze: a statistical sub-grid model for cloud-scale density structures in the interstellar medium
• MOCCA: Effects of pristine gas accretion and cluster migration on globular cluster evolution, global parameters, and multiple stellar populations
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• The internal line-of-sight kinematics of NGC 346: the rotation of the core region
• Exploration of morphological coherence in open clusters with a "core-shell'' structure
• Fractal dimension of star clusters
• Massive star cluster formation III. Early mass segregation during cluster assembly
• Could kilomasers pinpoint supermassive stars?
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: A single-binary composite scenario
• Dynamical evolution of the open clusters with different star formation efficiencies and orbital parameters
• Density profile of a self-gravitating polytropic turbulent fluid in a rotating disk near to the cloud core
• Radioactive Decay
• Introducing a new multi-particle collision method for the evolution of dense stellar systems II. Core collapse
• Warps survive beyond fly-by encounters in protoplanetary disks. RW Aur A as a case study
• Nuclear astrophysics
• True Unicorns and False Positives: Simulated Probabilities of Dark Massive Companions to Bright Stars
• Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Structure and Dynamics of the Young Massive Star Cluster Westerlund 1
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters
• Runaway stars and the Galactic supernova remnant landscape: non-thermal emission and observational evidence
• Transferring Data from a Voronoi Mesh to an Adaptive Cartesian Grid in Pursuit of Self-consistent Top-down Star Formation