A Triple Main Sequence in the Globular Cluster NGC 2808

Abstract

Accurate photometry with HST/ACS shows that the main sequence of the globular cluster NGC 2808 splits into three separate branches. The three MS branches may be associated with complexities of the cluster's horizontal branch and of its abundance distribution. We attribute the MS branches to successive rounds of star formation, with different helium abundances; we discuss possible sources of helium enrichment. Some other massive globulars also appear to have complex populations; we compare them with NGC 2808.

13 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter, on March 29 2007

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• Sensitivity to Thermonuclear Reaction Rates in Modeling the Abundance Anomalies of NGC 2419
• Multiple stellar populations in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars of Galactic Globular Clusters
• The VMC Survey. XI. Radial Stellar Population Gradients in the Galactic Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters III: Analysis of 30 Clusters
• The s-Process Enrichment of the Globular Clusters M4 and M22
• Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies
• Evolved Stars in the Core of the Massive Globular Cluster NGC 2419
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• The Kapteyn moving group is not tidal debris from $\omega$ Centauri
• Chemical abundances in the metal-intermediate GC NGC 6723
• Accreting pre-main sequence models and abundance anomalies in globular clusters
• Binary interactions as a possible scenario for the formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• Level of helium enhancement among M3's horizontal-branch stars
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• UV SEDs of early-type cluster galaxies: A new look at the UV upturn
• On the radial distribution of horizontal branch stars in ngc2808
• Mass segregation in young star clusters: can it be detected from the integrated photometric properties?
• On the determination of the He abundance distribution in globular clusters from the width of the main sequence
• Magnesium isotopes: a tool to understand self-enrichment in Globular Clusters
• No Evidence for Chemical Abundance Variations in the Intermediate-age Cluster NGC 1783
• The tight subgiant branch of the intermediate-age star cluster NGC 411 implies a single-aged stellar population
• G2C2 - IV: A novel approach to study the radial distributions of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• The main sequences of NGC2808: constraints on the early disc accretion scenario
• The rise and fall of the UV upturn: $z=0.3,0.55$ and $0.7$
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• The white dwarf cooling sequence of NGC 6791: a unique tool for stellar evolution
• Constraints on Helium Enhancement in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121): The Horizontal Branch Test
• The Discovery of Pulsating Hot Subdwarfs in NGC 2808
• Highly He-Rich Matter Dredged Up by Extra Mixing through Stellar Encounters in Globular Clusters
• On a new parameter to estimate the helium content in old stellar systems
• AAOmega Observations of 47 Tucanae: Evidence for a Past Merger?
• JWST unveils the brown dwarf sequence of 47 Tucanae
• Star Cluster Ages in the Gaia Era
• The peculiar properties of horizontal branch stars in omega Centauri
• Blue Hook Stars in Globular Clusters
• On the efficiency of field star capture by star clusters
• Testing the AGB Scenario as the Origin of the Extreme-Helium Population in omega Centauri
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-III: No evidence of significant chemical variations in main-sequence stars of NGC 419
• Compact stellar systems in the Fornax cluster: a UV perspective
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur? Detection of enriched stellar populations in NGC 2121
• Analysis of the CN and CH molecular band strengths in stars of the open cluster NGC 6791
• Searching for multiple populations in star clusters using the China Space Station Telescope
• Nucleosynthetic yields of Z=$10^{-5}$ intermediate-mass stars
• Limits on the significant mass-loss scenario based on the globular clusters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows II: Effect of Turbulence and Metal-Line Cooling
• The search for extratidal star candidates around Galactic globular clusters NGC 2808, NGC 6266, and NGC 6397 with {\textit{Gaia}} DR2 astrometry
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• Effects of Triple-$\alpha$ and ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}(\alpha ,\gamma {)}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ Reaction Rates on the Supernova Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star of 25 $M_{\odot }$
• Reconstructing the initial mass function of disc-bulge Galactic globular clusters from N-body simulations
• Pre-main sequence accretion and the formation of multiple populations in Globular Clusters
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• The Lithium test for multiple populations in Globular Clusters: Lithium in NGC 2808
• Accretion of sub-stellar companions as the origin of chemical abundance inhomogeneities in globular clusters
• F Turnoff Distribution in the Galactic Halo Using Globular Clusters as Proxies
• UV-Bright Stellar Populations and Their Evolutionary Implications in the Collapsed-Core Cluster M15
• Revisiting Delta Y/Delta Z from multiple main sequences in Globular Clusters: insight from nearby stars
• Stellar populations in $\omega$ Centauri: a multivariate analysis
• The impact of enhanced He and CNONa abundances on globular cluster relative age-dating methods
• HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations
• The First Extensive Exploration of UV-bright Stars in the Globular Cluster NGC 2808
• A stellar population synthesis approach to the Oosterhoff dichotomy
• Binary Frequencies in a Sample of Globular Clusters. I. Methodology and Initial Results
• Long period variables and mass loss in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 2808
• High Resolution Spectroscopic Abundances of Red Giant Branch Stars in NGC 6681
• NGC 6752 AGB Stars Revisited: I. Improved AGB temperatures remove apparent overionisation of Fe I
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• A possible formation channel for blue hook stars in globular cluster - II. Effects of metallicity, mass ratio, tidal enhancement efficiency and helium abundance
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: how do UV upturn systems evolve in redshift and stellar mass?
• Cold gas in hot star clusters: the wind from the red supergiant W26 in Westerlund 1
• A New Overview of Secular Period Changes of RR Lyrae stars inM5
• Galactic Pal-eontology: Abundance Analysis of the Disrupting Globular Cluster Palomar 5
• The Celestial Buffet: multiple populations and globular cluster formation in dwarf galaxies
• Evolution of the UV upturn in cluster galaxies: Abell 1689
• Models for Metal-Poor Stars with Different Initial Abundances of C, N, O, Mg, and Si. II. Application to the Colour-Magnitude Diagrams of the Globular Clusters 47 Tuc, NGC 6362, M5, M3, M55, and M92
• Formation of massive globular clusters with heavy element abundance spread in the Galactic building blocks
• Light-element abundance variations in globular clusters
• Formation of the Galactic globular clusters with He-rich stars in low-mass halos virialized at high redshift
• Investigation of the Globular Cluster NGC 2808 with the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope
• Impact of distance determinations on Galactic structure. II. Old tracers
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XIII. ACS/WFC Parallel-Field Catalogues
• A new photometric study of M14 (NGC 6402): An interpretation of the Horizontal Branch and beyond
• Euclid preparation. LVIII. Detecting globular clusters in the Euclid survey
• Solar System formation
• He abundances in disc galaxies -- I. Predictions from cosmological chemodynamical simulations
• Modifying two-body relaxation in N-body systems by gas accretion
• A discovery of young stellar objects in older clusters of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• Impact of a companion and of chromospheric emission on the shape of chromosome maps for globular clusters
• Environmental Effects on the UV Upturn in Local Clusters of Galaxies
• A possible physical connection between helium-rich stellar populations of massive globular clusters and the UV upturn of galactic spheroids
• A vindication of the RR Lyrae Fourier light curve decomposition for the calculation of metallicity and distance in globular clusters
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• The chemical compositions of multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster NGC 2808
• Synthetic horizontal branch morphology for different metallicities and ages under tidally enhanced stellar wind
• Red Giant Branch Bump Star Counts in Data and Stellar Models
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters II: NGC 5024, NGC 5272, and NGC 6352
• Helium Enhancement in the Metal Rich Red Giants of Omega Centauri
• AstroSat study of the globular cluster NGC 2298: probable evolutionary scenarios of hot HB stars
• The realm of the Galactic globular clusters and the mass of their primordial clouds
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-II: no evidence of significant helium spread among NGC 1846 dwarfs
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows III: Observability and Connection to Halo Globular Clusters
• The Effect of Stellar Helium Abundance on Dynamics of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters
• A fast and accurate method to compute the mass return from multiple stellar populations
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• The temperature distribution of horizontal branch stars: methods and first results
• Experimental study of the ${}^{30}$Si(${}^3$He,$d$)${}^{31}$P reaction and thermonuclear reaction rate of ${}^{30}$Si($p$,$\gamma$)${}^{31}$P
• The ages of Galactic globular clusters in the context of self-enrichment
• Multiple Populations in NGC 1851: Abundance Variations and UV Photometric Synthesis in the Washington and HST/WFC3 Systems
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars IV. Initial helium content and white-dwarf properties
• Diffusion and mixing in globular clusters
• Self-enrichment in Globular Clusters: the extreme He-rich population of NGC 2808
• MUSE observations of NGC330 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Helium abundance of bright main sequence stars
• UV upturn versus UV weak galaxies: differences and similarities of their stellar populations unveiled by a de-biased sample
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• A history of the gamma-ray burst flux at the Earth from Galactic globular clusters
• Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Star Models and Globular Cluster Planetary Nebulae I: The Model
• Beryllium abundances in turn-off stars of globular clusters with the CUBES spectrograph
• Inferring the Helium abundance of extragalactic Globular Clusters using Integrated Spectra
• On the maximum helium content of multiple populations in the globular cluster NGC6752
• New Constraints on Sodium Production in Globular Clusters From the ${}^{23}$Na${(}^3$He$,\text{d}{)}^{24}$Mg Reaction
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud V: Multiple Populations in ancient Globular Clusters
• Core collapse and horizontal-branch morphology in galactic globular clusters
• Variable Stars in Metal-Rich Globular Clusters. IV. Long Period Variables in NGC 6496
• Multiple Main Sequence of Globular Clusters as a Result of Inhomogeneous Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• Evolution of the Ultraviolet Upturn at $0.3<z<1$: exploring helium rich stellar populations
• Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG: Measurement of the He I 10830Å line in the open cluster Stock 2
• Multiple stellar populations and their influence on blue stragglers
• Tidal Interactions of Red Giants with Environment Stars in Globular Clusters
• Effect of Binary Fraction on Horizontal Branch Morphology under Tidally Enhanced Stellar Wind
• Dating N loud AGNs at high redshift: GS3073 as a snapshot of wCen like evolution of a nuclear star cluster
• Study of UV bright stellar populations in the globular cluster NGC 1261 using AstroSat
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• The Ages of Stars: The Horizontal Branch
• The first Delta a observations of three globular clusters
• The internal kinematics of NGC 2808 and its multiple populations
• Low-mass and sub-stellar eclipsing binaries in stellar clusters
• Globular Cluster formation in a collapsing supershell
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• Globular clusters as laboratories for stellar evolution
• The ACS survey of globular clusters. XIII. Photometric calibration in comparison with Stetson standards
• Could kilomasers pinpoint supermassive stars?
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• Robust statistical tools for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters in the presence of measurement errors. A case study: NGC 2808
• On the impact of Helium abundance on the Cepheid Period-Luminosity and Wesenheit relations and the Distance Ladder
• VEGAS-SSS: An intra-group component in the globular cluster system of NGC 5018 group of galaxies using VST data
• CCD Photometry of NGC 2482 and Five Previously Unobserved Open Star Clusters
• A Wide View of the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 2808: Red Giant and Horizontal Branch Star Spatial Distributions
• Exploring Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Euclid: A Theoretical Overview and Insights from NGC 6397
• Abundances of Mg and K in the atmospheres of turn-off stars in Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• The Origin of Young Stellar Populations in NGC 1783: Accretion of External Stars
• UVIT-HST-Gaia-VISTA study of KRON 3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud: A cluster with an extended red clump in UV
• Massive binaries and the enrichment of the interstellar medium in globular clusters
• Multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters: collection of information from the Horizontal Branch
• Synthetic photometry of globular clusters: Uncertainties on synthetic colors
• Searching for chemical abundance variations in young star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: NGC 411, NGC 1718 and NGC 2213
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-III: a possible helium spread in NGC 2210
• Horizontal Branch Stars and the Ultraviolet Universe
• Re-examining the Radial Distributions of M13 Multiple Populations
• Thirteen facts that you need to know on multiple populations in globular clusters
• The Curious Radial Distributions of Horizontal Branch Stars in NGC 6441
• The stellar to sub-stellar masses transition in 47 Tuc
• Lithium factories in the Galaxy: novae and AGB stars
• Rebounding Cores to Build Star Cluster Multiple Populations
• He-enriched STAREVOL models for globular cluster multiple populations. Self-consistent isochrones from ZAMS to the TP-AGB phase
• Synthetic spectroscopic indices for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• The Predicted Properties of Helium-Enriched Globular Cluster Progenitors at High Redshift
• Multiple populations in the Sagittarius nuclear cluster M54 and in other anomalous globular clusters
• The CUBES Science Case
• Bimodal regime in young massive clusters leading to subsequent stellar generations
• Mock Observations of Multiple Stellar Populations in Tidal Streams of Palomar 5 for the Chinese Space Station Survey Telescope
• An excess of luminous white dwarfs in the peculiar Galactic globular cluster NGC 2808
• The Multiplicity of Main Sequence Turnoffs in Globular Clusters
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: a comparative study between UV upturn and UV weak systems
• Noble gases Neon and argon: a role for the chemical patterns of multiple populations in globular clusters?
• The Formation of Globular Clusters as a Case of Overcooling
• The quite complex "Simple Stellar Populations" of Globular Clusters
• Quantifying Systematic Age Discrepancies in Very Young Star Clusters
• Galactic evolution of D, 3He and 4He
• Study of the Helium Enrichment in Globular Clusters
• Old stellar systems in UV: resolved and integrated properties