Diagnostics of Stellar Modelling from Spectroscopy and Photometry of Globular Clusters

Abstract

We conduct a series of comparisons between spectroscopic and photometric observations of globular clusters and stellar models to examine their predictive power. Data from medium-to-high resolution spectroscopic surveys of lithium allow us to investigate first dredge-up and extra mixing in two clusters well separated in metallicity. Abundances at first dredge-up are satisfactorily reproduced but there is preliminary evidence to suggest that the models overestimate the luminosity at which the surface composition first changes in the lowest-metallicity system. Our models also begin extra mixing at luminosities that are too high, demonstrating a significant discrepancy with observations at low metallicity. We model the abundance changes during extra mixing as a thermohaline process and determine that the usual diffusive form of this mechanism cannot simultaneously reproduce both the carbon and lithium observations. Hubble Space Telescope photometry provides turnoff and bump magnitudes in a large number of globular clusters and offers the opportunity to better test stellar modelling as function of metallicity. We directly compare the predicted main-sequence turn-off and bump magnitudes as well as the distance-independent parameter $\Delta M_V{}_{\mathrm{bump}}^{\mathrm{MSTO}}$. We require 15 Gyr isochrones to match the main-sequence turn-off magnitude in some clusters and cannot match the bump in low-metallicity systems. Changes to the distance modulus, metallicity scale and bolometric corrections may impact on the direct comparisons but $\Delta M_V{}_{\mathrm{bump}}^{\mathrm{MSTO}}$, which is also underestimated from the models, can only be improved through changes to the input physics. Overshooting at the base of the convective envelope with an efficiency that is metallicity dependent is required to reproduce the empirically determined value of $\Delta M_V{}_{\mathrm{bump}}^{\mathrm{MSTO}}$.

20 pages, 11 Figures, 4 Tables, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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Cited by in corpus (17)

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• Extreme value statistics for two-dimensional convective penetration in a pre-Main Sequence star
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• A phenomenological modification of thermohaline mixing in globular cluster red giants
• Is Thermohaline Mixing the Full Story? Evidence for Separate Mixing Events near the Red Giant Branch Bump
• The most metal-rich stars in the universe: chemical contributions of low and intermediate mass asymptotic giant branch stars with metallicities between $0.04\le Z\le \mathrm{0.10.}$
• Li-rich K giants, dust excess, and binarity
• Characterizing Observed Extra Mixing Trends in Red Giants using the Reduced Density Ratio from Thermohaline Models
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• Mirror principle and the red-giant bump: the battle of entropy in low-mass stars
• Carbon Isotope Ratios in M10 Giants
• Discovery of a Metal-Poor Red Giant Star with the Highest Ultra-Lithium Enhancement
• Carbon Abundance of Globular Cluster M22 (NGC 6656) and the Surface Carbon Depletion Rates of the Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Beyond MESA Defaults: The Impact of Structural Resolution Uncertainty in p-mode Asteroseismology
• Suppression of lithium depletion in young low-mass stars from fast rotation
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. XI. Nonlinearity Effect Revealed by NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) and NGC 4594 (Sombrero) Galaxies
• Chemical element transport in stellar evolution models