Multiple populations in globular clusters. Lessons learned from the Milky Way globular clusters

Abstract

Recent progress in studies of globular clusters has shown that they are not simple stellar populations, being rather made of multiple generations. Evidence stems both from photometry and spectroscopy. A new paradigm is then arising for the formation of massive star clusters, which includes several episodes of star formation. While this provides an explanation for several features of globular clusters, including the second parameter problem, it also opens new perspectives about the relation between globular clusters and the halo of our Galaxy, and by extension of all populations with a high specific frequency of globular clusters, such as, e.g., giant elliptical galaxies. We review progress in this area, focusing on the most recent studies. Several points remain to be properly understood, in particular those concerning the nature of the polluters producing the abundance pattern in the clusters and the typical timescale, the range of cluster masses where this phenomenon is active, and the relation between globular clusters and other satellites of our Galaxy.

In press (The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review)

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• Ruprecht 106: A riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE -- Extending the CaT-metallicity relation below the horizontal branch and applying it to multiple populations
• New clues on the nature of the companion to PSR~J1740-5340 in NGC6397 from XSHOOTER spectroscopy
• ESO452-SC11: The lowest mass globular cluster with a potential chemical inhomogeneity
• NGC 5694: another foster son of the Galactic Halo
• Lithium abundances in globular cluster giants: NGC 6218 (M12) and NGC 5904 (M5)
• Face-on accretion onto a protoplanetary disc
• Chemistry and Kinematics of Red Supergiant Stars in the Young Massive Cluster NGC 2100
• Towards Precision Photometry with Extremely Large Telescopes: the Double Subgiant Branch of NGC 1851
• On the internal pollution mechanisms in the globular cluster NGC 6121 (M4): heavy-element abundances and AGB models
• The dynamical origin of multiple populations in intermediate-age clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
• The puzzle of metallicity and multiple stellar populations in the Globular Clusters in Fornax
• NGC 6522: A typical globular cluster in the Galactic bulge without signatures of rapidly rotating Population III stars
• Search for an intrinsic metallicity spread in old globular clusters of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Horizontal Branch of the Sculptor Dwarf galaxy
• Chemical Inhomogeneities Amongst First Population Stars in Globular Clusters: Evidence for He variations
• The cosmological Lithium problem outside the Galaxy: the Sagittarius globular cluster M54
• Binary intermediate-mass black hole mergers in globular clusters
• The Abundance of Fluorine in Normal G and K Stars of the Galactic Thin Disk
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Galaxy halo
• J-PLUS: A wide-field multi-band study of the M15 globular cluster. Evidence of multiple stellar populations in the RGB
• Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae: new ties between the chemical and dynamical evolution of globular clusters?
• Light-Element Abundances of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• Kron 3: a fourth intermediate age cluster in the SMC with evidence of multiple populations
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds
• NGC 6139: a normal massive globular cluster or a first-generation dominated cluster? Clues from the light elements
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXIV. Differences in internal kinematics of multiple stellar populations
• The formation and evolution of star clusters in interacting galaxies
• Confirmation of a metallicity spread amongst first population stars in globular clusters
• On the role of Type Ia supernovae in the second generation star formation in globular clusters
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: Multiple populations chemistry in NGC 2808
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• MORGOTH: incorporating horizontal branch modelling into star formation history determinations
• Second Generation Stars in Globular Clusters from Rapid Radiative Cooling of Pre-Supernova Massive Star Winds
• Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
• Aluminum abundances of multiple stellar generations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• The most metal-poor Galactic globular cluster: the first spectroscopic observations of ESO280-SC06
• Lost and found: evidence of Second Generation stars along the Asymptotic Giant Branch of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• MOCCA: Dynamics and evolution of binary stars of multiple stellar populations in tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters
• Testing Metal Poor Stellar Models and Isochrones with HST Parallaxes of Metal Poor Stars
• Atmospheric Parameters and Metallicities for 2191 stars in the Globular Cluster M4
• Carbon and nitrogen abundances of stellar populations in the globular cluster M 2
• Looking for imprints of the first stellar generations in metal-poor bulge field stars
• Globular Clusters in High-Redshift Dwarf Galaxies: A Case Study from the Local Group
• Light and Heavy Element Abundance Variations in the Outer Halo Globular Cluster NGC 6229
• MgAl burning chain in Omega Centauri
• Mergers, tidal interactions, and mass exchange in a population of disc globular clusters: II. Long-term evolution
• The R-Process Alliance: Fifth Data Release from the Search for R-Process-Enhanced Metal-poor Stars in the Galactic Halo with the GTC
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed Abundances in the Metal-poor Globular Cluster NGC 4372
• A possible formation channel for blue hook stars in globular cluster
• Reversed radial distribution trend of subpopulations in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 6723
• G2C2 II: Integrated colour-metallicity relations for Galactic Globular Clusters in SDSS passbands
• Common Origin of Two RR Lyrae Populations and the Double Red Clump in the Milky Way Bulge
• On the serendipitous discovery of a Li-rich giant in the globular cluster NGC 362
• Multiple populations along the asymptotic giant branch of the globular cluster M 4
• Spatial mixing of binary stars in multiple-population globular clusters
• Observing multiple populations in globular clusters with the ESO archive: NGC 6388 reloaded
• Heart of Darkness: dust obscuration of the central stellar component in globular clusters younger than ~100Myr in multiple stellar population models
• Chemical Abundances in NGC 5053: A Very Metal-Poor and Dynamically Complex Globular Cluster
• First inverse kinematics study of the ${}^{22}$Ne$(p,\gamma {)}^{23}$Na reaction and its role in AGB star and classical nova nucleosynthesis
• Young open clusters in the galactic star forming region NGC 6357
• A MegaCam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. VI: The Spatially Resolved Star Formation History of the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Numerical study of the chaotic N=4 problem in a background potential
• Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies
• A Transient Overcooling in the Early Universe? Clues from Globular Clusters Formation
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• Is There a Fundamental Upper Limit to the Mass of a Star Cluster?
• The Be-test in the Li-rich star \#1657 of NGC 6397: evidence for Li-flash in RGB stars?
• The Kapteyn moving group is not tidal debris from $\omega$ Centauri
• Excess of Ca (and Sc) produced in globular cluster multiple populations: a first census in 77 Galactic globular clusters
• Chemical abundances in the metal-intermediate GC NGC 6723
• High-precision abundances of first population stars in NGC 2808: confirmation of a metallicity spread
• The Stars in M15 Were Born with the r-process
• Binary interactions as a possible scenario for the formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• The Chemical Composition of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Galactic Globular Clusters NGC 6342 and NGC 6366
• M13 multiple stellar populations seen with the eyes of Strömgren photometry
• The Globular Cluster Origin of the Milky Way Outer Bulge: Evidence from Sodium Bimodality
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey III. Spectroscopic Tomography of Tonantzintla 2
• The globular cluster system of the Auriga simulations
• Chemical evolution of the metal poor Globular Cluster NGC 6809
• Assembling the Milky Way bulge from globular clusters: Evidence from the double red clump
• UV SEDs of early-type cluster galaxies: A new look at the UV upturn
• Level of helium enhancement among M3's horizontal-branch stars
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars. II. Sodium abundance variations on the asymptotic giant branch as a function of globular cluster age and metallicity
• Searching for chemical inhomogeneities in Open Clusters: Analysis of the CN and CH Molecular Band Strengths in NGC 2158, NGC 2420, NGC 2682, NGC 7789 and Berkeley 29
• Cyanogen in NGC 1851 RGB and AGB Stars: Quadrimodal Distributions
• G2C2 - IV: A novel approach to study the radial distributions of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Indirect Probes of Dark Matter and Globular Cluster Properties From Dark Matter Annihilation within the Coolest White Dwarfs
• Magnesium isotopes: a tool to understand self-enrichment in Globular Clusters
• The CN-CH positive correlation in the globular cluster NGC 5286
• The Galactic evolution of sulphur as traced by globular clusters
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• Searching for GC-like abundance patterns in young massive clusters II. - Results from the Antennae galaxies
• Rubidium abundances in the globular clusters NGC 6752, NGC 1904 and NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• The main sequences of NGC2808: constraints on the early disc accretion scenario
• The chemical composition of the stellar cluster Gaia1: no surprise behind Sirius
• Constant light element abundances suggest that the extended P1 in NGC 2808 is not a consequence of CNO-cycle nucleosynthesis
• Color-Magnitude Relations within Globular Cluster Systems of Giant Elliptical Galaxies: The Effects of Globular Cluster Mass Loss and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Lithium and oxygen in globular cluster dwarfs and the early disc accretion scenario
• Inclusion of Horizontal Branch stars in the derivation of star formation histories of dwarf galaxies: the Carina dSph
• An Extragalactic Chromosome Map: The intermediate age SMC Cluster Lindsay 1
• Photometric characterization of multiple populations in star clusters: The impact of the first dredge-up
• Chromospheric Models and the Oxygen Abundance in Giant Stars
• Light element variations in globular clusters via nucleosynthesis in black hole accretion discs
• The Discovery of Pulsating Hot Subdwarfs in NGC 2808
• Formation of globular clusters with internal abundance spreads in r-process elements: strong evidence for prolonged star formation
• Constraints on Helium Enhancement in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121): The Horizontal Branch Test
• Binary black hole growth by gas accretion in stellar clusters
• Fluorine abundances and the puzzle of globular cluster chemical history
• Comparison of the Asteroseismic Mass Scale of Red Clump Giants with Photometric Mass Estimates
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• Globular clusters in the far-ultraviolet: evidence for He-enriched second populations in extra-galactic globular clusters?
• Peeking beneath the precision floor I: metallicity spreads and multiple elemental dispersions in the globular clusters NGC 288 and NGC 362
• New halo stars of the Galactic globular clusters M3 and M13 in the LAMOST DR1 Catalog
• Star Cluster Ages in the Gaia Era
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10
• HERBS II: Detailed chemical compositions of Galactic bulge stars
• Underground Measurements of Nuclear Reaction Cross-Sections Relevant to AGB Stars
• First evidence of multiple populations along the AGB from Strömgren photometry
• Evidence for a chemical enrichment coupling of globular clusters and field stars in the Fornax dSph
• Signatures of multiple stellar populations in unresolved extragalactic globular/ young massive star clusters
• On the Onset of Secondary Stellar Generations in Giant Star Forming Regions and Massive Star Clusters
• Chemistry of multiple stellar populations in the mono-metallic, in situ, bulge globular cluster NGC 6388
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: Metallicity spreads and anomalous precursor populations
• Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) III: A new view of the double red clump in the Milky Way bulge through luminosity and color distribution
• The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae. II. Magnesium isotopes and pollution scenarios
• A new algorithm for optimizing the wavelength coverage for spectroscopic studies: Spectral Wavelength Optimization Code (SWOC)
• Chemo-Dynamical Clustering applied to APOGEE data: Re-Discovering Globular Clusters
• Multiple Populations in Integrated Light Spectroscopy of Intermediate Age Clusters
• A Nitrogen-Enhanced Metal-Poor star discovered in the globular cluster ESO280-SC06
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• The horizontal branch morphology of M31 globular clusters. Extreme second parameter effect in outer halo clusters
• Testing for Dark Matter in the Outskirts of Globular Clusters
• The overlooked role of stellar variability in the extended main sequence of LMC intermediate-age clusters
• Globular cluster metallicity distributions in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Star formation within globular clusters:discrete multiple bursts and top-light mass functions
• Chrono-chemodynamical analysis of the globular cluster NGC 6355: Looking for the fundamental bricks of the Bulge
• New cluster members and halo stars of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 1851
• On the Nitrogen variation in ~2 Gyr old massive star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• LBT/MODS spectroscopy of globular clusters in the irregular galaxy NGC 4449
• Excitation and charge transfer in low-energy hydrogen atom collisions with neutral carbon and nitrogen
• Strömgren uvby photometry of the peculiar globular cluster NGC 2419
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed elemental abundances in red giants of the peculiar globular cluster NGC 1851
• A class of spherical, truncated, anisotropic models for application to globular clusters
• Connecting integrated RGB mass loss from asteroseismology and globular clusters
• Modeling and Analysis of a Spectrum of the Globular Cluster NGC 2419
• Nuclei of dwarf spheroidal galaxies KKs3 and ESO269-66 and their counterparts in our Galaxy
• NGC 6752 AGB Stars Revisited: I. Improved AGB temperatures remove apparent overionisation of Fe I
• Stellar populations in $\omega$ Centauri: a multivariate analysis
• High Resolution Spectroscopic Abundances of Red Giant Branch Stars in NGC 6681
• Fluorine Abundances in the Globular Cluster M 4
• A possible formation channel for blue hook stars in globular cluster - II. Effects of metallicity, mass ratio, tidal enhancement efficiency and helium abundance
• Lithium abundance in lower red giant branch stars of Omega Centauri
• The ages of (the oldest) stars
• The Chemical Composition of Globular Clusters of Different Nature in our Galaxy
• The Evolution of Kicked Stellar-Mass Black Holes in Star Cluster Environments
• Galactic Pal-eontology: Abundance Analysis of the Disrupting Globular Cluster Palomar 5
• Detection of multiple stellar populations in extragalactic massive clusters with JWST
• A New Overview of Secular Period Changes of RR Lyrae stars inM5
• Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Two-process Parameters and Residual Abundances for 288,789 Stars from Data Release 17
• How many explosions does one need? -- Quantifying supernovae in globular clusters from iron abundance spreads
• Selected topics in the evolution of low-mass stars
• The APOGEE Library of Infrared SSP Templates (A-LIST): High-Resolution Simple Stellar Population Spectral Models in the H-Band
• SIEGE IV: compact star clusters in cosmological simulations with high star formation efficiency and sub-parsec resolution
• Observations of the Ultraviolet-Bright Star Y453 in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121)
• An optical--near-IR study of a triplet of super star clusters in the starburst core of M82
• On the AGB stars of M 4: A robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory
• Cold gas in hot star clusters: the wind from the red supergiant W26 in Westerlund 1
• Chemical analysis of eight giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• A sequence of nitrogen-rich very red giants in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XIII. ACS/WFC Parallel-Field Catalogues
• Slowly cooling white dwarfs in NGC 6752
• On the Origin of Metal-poor Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• From Theory to Observations and viceversa: theoretical uncertainties and observational constraints
• The Stellar Halo and Tidal Streams of Messier 63
• Abundances in a sample of turnoff and subgiant stars in NGC 6121 (M4)
• Impact of distance determinations on Galactic structure. II. Old tracers
• Rotational Variation Allows for Narrow Age Spread in the Extended Main Sequence Turnoff of Massive Cluster NGC 1846
• Spatial and kinematic segregation in star cluster merger remnants
• Energy equipartition in multiple-population globular clusters
• First inverse kinematics measurement of key resonances in the ${}^{22}\text{Ne}(p,\gamma {)}^{23}\text{Na}$ reaction at stellar temperatures
• Modifying two-body relaxation in N-body systems by gas accretion
• He abundances in disc galaxies -- I. Predictions from cosmological chemodynamical simulations
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• Multiple populations in globular clusters: Unified efforts from stellar evolution and chemical evolution models
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• Dynamical Masses and Mass-to-light Ratios of Resolved Massive Star Clusters. I. NGC 419 and NGC 1846
• A high-resolution spectroscopic study of two new Na- and Al-rich field giants -- likely globular cluster escapees in the Galactic halo
• On Disentangling IMF Degeneracies in Integrated Light
• Globular cluster chemistry in fast rotating dwarf stars belonging to intermediate age open clusters
• Synthetic horizontal branch morphology for different metallicities and ages under tidally enhanced stellar wind
• Chemical Tagging N-rich Field Stars with High-resolution Spectroscopy
• A Photometric Study of the Outer Halo Globular Cluster NGC 5824
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters II: NGC 5024, NGC 5272, and NGC 6352
• Confirming the presence of second population stars and the iron discrepancy along the AGB of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• Exploring the formation environment of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters through binary systems
• Leveraging HST with MUSE: II. Na-abundance variations in intermediate age star clusters
• APOGEE view of the globular cluster NGC 6544
• On the chemical abundances of Miras in clusters: V1 in the metal-rich globular NGC 5927
• AGB subpopulations in the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397
• Integrated Spectra of Milky Way Globular Cluster
• Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations of M31's globular clusters suggest a spatially homogeneous helium-enriched sub population
• The realm of the Galactic globular clusters and the mass of their primordial clouds
• Potassium abundances in multiple stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 4833
• Reaction rates for the ${}^{39}$K(p,$\gamma$)${}^{40}$Ca reaction
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: Constraints on the initial mass function of the first generation of stars
• Infrared photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae. Binaries among multiple populations
• Towards 21st Century Stellar Models: Star Clusters, Supercomputing, and Asteroseismology
• On Collision Course: The Nature of the Binary Star Cluster NGC 2006 / SL 538
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars IV. Initial helium content and white-dwarf properties
• Carbon Isotope Ratios in M10 Giants
• MUSE observations of NGC330 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Helium abundance of bright main sequence stars
• Light Element Chemistry and the Double Red Giant Branch in the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 288
• Hints for multiple populations in intermediate-age clusters of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Self-enrichment in Globular Clusters: the extreme He-rich population of NGC 2808
• The 10830 Angstrom Helium Line Among Evolved Stars in the Globular Cluster M4
• Experimental study of the ${}^{30}$Si(${}^3$He,$d$)${}^{31}$P reaction and thermonuclear reaction rate of ${}^{30}$Si($p$,$\gamma$)${}^{31}$P
• Application of three-body stability to globular clusters: II. Observed velocity dispersions
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• Phase-space mixing of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOGEE Survey VI. Characterizing multiple stellar populations and chemical abundances in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6569
• New Constraints on Sodium Production in Globular Clusters From the ${}^{23}$Na${(}^3$He$,\text{d}{)}^{24}$Mg Reaction
• Spectroscopic Observations of Obscured Populations in the Inner Galaxy: 2MASS-GC02, Terzan 4, and the 200 km/s stellar peak
• Stellar photometry with Multi Conjugate Adaptive Optics
• Stellar abundances of beryllium and CUBES
• Sustaining Star Formation in the Galactic Star Cluster M 36?
• Lifting the dust veil from the Globular Cluster Palomar2
• Globular Clusters of the Galaxy: Chemical Composition vs Kinematics
• Experimental nuclear astrophysics in Italy
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• Evolution of the Ultraviolet Upturn at $0.3<z<1$: exploring helium rich stellar populations
• A high-resolution spectroscopic search for multiple populations in the 2 Gyr old cluster NGC 1846
• Signature of a chemical spread in the open cluster M37
• Kinematics of outer halo globular clusters: M 75 and NGC 6426
• Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light
• Chemical composition of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 15
• Investigating dusty Red Supergiant outflows in Westerlund 1 with 3D Hydrodynamic simulations
• A Search for Transiting Planets in the Globular Cluster M4 with K2: Candidates and Occurrence Limits
• Effect of Binary Fraction on Horizontal Branch Morphology under Tidally Enhanced Stellar Wind
• Apparent Trend of the Iron Abundance in NGC 3201: the Same Outcome with Different Data
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of the Segue 3 Cluster
• Multipopulation aftereffects on the color-magnitude diagram and Cepheid variables of young stellar systems
• The first Delta a observations of three globular clusters
• The impact of wind mass loss on nucleosynthesis and yields of very massive stars at low metallicity
• Is Fornax 4 the nuclear star cluster of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy?
• Prospects of measuring a metallicity trend and spread in globular clusters from low-resolution spectroscopy
• The Ultraviolet Upturn in field Luminous Red Galaxies at $0.3<z<0.7$
• The internal kinematics of NGC 2808 and its multiple populations
• Resolved photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• Could kilomasers pinpoint supermassive stars?
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• Inconsistent metallicity spreads in first generation stars of globular clusters from high resolution spectroscopy and HST photometry
• The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
• Evolution of the kinematic properties of rotating multiple-population globular clusters
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Stellar Mass Segregation in Dark Matter Halos
• Chemical tagging with APOGEE, MUSE, and HST: constraints on the formation of $\omega$ Centauri
• Internal Kinematics of M10 and M71
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 5053 investigated using AstroSat-Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope
• The fractions of post-binary-interaction stars and evolved blue straggler stars on the red giant branch of globular clusters
• Observational dynamics of low-mass stellar systems
• On the impact of Helium abundance on the Cepheid Period-Luminosity and Wesenheit relations and the Distance Ladder
• Galactic or extragalactic chemical tagging for NGC3201? Discovery of an anomalous CN-CH relation
• On the Ejection of Dark Matter from Globular Clusters
• The Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Nuclear Star Cluster: Looking Below the Tip of the Iceberg and Comparisons with Extragalactic Nuclei
• Far Ultra-Violet Insights Into NGC 1399's Globular Cluster Population
• Unexpected radial trend of the iron abundance in a sample of monometallic Galactic globular clusters
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M53
• Spatial mixing of stellar populations in globular clusters via binary-single star scattering
• A comparison of abundance analyses of first generation stars in multiple populations in 47 Tuc and NGC 3201
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo
• Double white dwarf binary population in MOCCA star clusters -- Comparisons with observations of close and wide binaries
• Synthetic spectroscopic indices for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• The CUBES Science Case
• Multiple populations in the Sagittarius nuclear cluster M54 and in other anomalous globular clusters
• Influence of the Outer Boundary Condition on models of AGB stars
• Homogenous abundances of Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti for about 1500 red giants in 16 globular clusters from FLAMES spectra
• Statistical analysis of Galactic globular cluster type properties
• The Formation of Globular Clusters as a Case of Overcooling
• Homogeneous abundance ratios of hydrostatic and explosive alpha-elements in globular clusters from high resolution optical spectroscopy
• UVES analysis of red giants in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6522
• On the Age Calibration of Open Clusters using Red Clump Stars