Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos I: Methods

Abstract

If the favored hierarchical cosmological model is correct, then the Milky Way system should have accreted ~100-200 luminous satellite galaxies in the past \~12 Gyr. We model this process using a hybrid semi-analytic plus N-body approach which distinguishes explicitly between the evolution of light and dark matter in accreted satellites. This distinction is essential to our ability to produce a realistic stellar halo, with mass and density profile much like that of our own Galaxy, and a surviving satellite population that matches the observed number counts and structural parameter distributions of the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. Our model stellar halos have density profiles which typically drop off with radius faster than those of the dark matter. They are assembled from the inside out, with the majority of mass (~80%) coming from the \~15 most massive accretion events. The satellites that contribute to the stellar halo have median accretion times of ~9 Gyr in the past, while surviving satellite systems have median accretion times of ~5 Gyr in the past. This implies that stars associated with the inner halo should be quite different chemically from stars in surviving satellites and also from stars in the outer halo or those liberated in recent disruption events. We briefly discuss the expected spatial structure and phase space structure for halos formed in this manner. Searches for this type of structure offer a direct test of whether cosmology is indeed hierarchical on small scales.

22 pages, 16 figures, submitted to ApJ

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• The dependence of tidal stripping efficiency on the satellite and host galaxy morphology
• Substructure Boosts to Dark Matter Annihilation from Sommerfeld Enhancement
• The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS. V. Mapping the Dark Matter Halo
• Structure and kinematics of tidally limited satellite galaxies in LCDM
• The missing light of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Constraints on the assembly history of the Milky Way's smooth, diffuse stellar halo from the metallicity-dependent, radially-dominated velocity anisotropy profiles probed with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia
• Convergence of Lobatto-type Runge-Kutta methods for partitioned differential-algebraic systems of index 2
• A Unique Star in the Outer Halo of the Milky Way
• A-type stars in the Canada-France Imaging Survey I. The stellar halo of the Milky Way traced to large radius by blue horizontal branch stars
• The Dominance of Metal-Rich Streams in Stellar Halos: A Comparison Between Substructure in M31 and Lambda-CDM Models
• An Improved Model for the Dynamical Evolution of Dark Matter Subhaloes
• The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - III. Relationship to the stellar halo
• The Dragonfly Wide Field Survey. I. Telescope, Survey Design and Data Characterization
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. NGC 4216: A Bombarded Spiral in the Virgo Cluster
• Testing galaxy formation models with the GHOSTS survey: The color profile of M81's stellar halo
• Chemical evolution of classical and ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Galaxy structure with strong gravitational lensing: decomposing the internal mass distribution of massive elliptical galaxies
• Chemical Abundance Analysis of Three $\alpha$-Poor, Metal-Poor Stars in the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Horologium I
• Spectroscopic Signatures of Extra-Tidal Stars Around the Globular Clusters NGC 6656 (M22), NGC 3201 and NGC 1851 from RAVE
• Discovery of distant RR Lyrae stars in the Milky Way using DECam
• Purveyors of fine halos: Re-assessing globular cluster contributions to the Milky Way halo build-up with SDSS-IV
• Identifying Stellar Streams in Gaia DR2 with Data Mining Techniques
• Pegasus IV: Discovery and Spectroscopic Confirmation of an Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy in the Constellation Pegasus
• The SPLASH Survey: Kinematics of Andromeda's Inner Spheroid
• An HST/ACS View of the Inhomogeneous Outer Halo of M31
• Haloes light and dark: dynamical models of the stellar halo and constraints on the mass of the Galaxy
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey. I - VIMOS spectroscopy of compact stellar systems in the Fornax core region
• Characterizing the formation history of Milky Way-like stellar haloes with model emulators
• A wide-field photometric survey for extratidal tails around five metal-poor globular clusters in the Galactic halo
• Creating mock catalogues of stellar haloes from cosmological simulations
• Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun. II. Characterisation of independent structures
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) I: Imaging, Sample Characteristics, and Envelope Diameters
• Shallow Dark Matter Cusps in Galaxy Clusters
• Characterizing stellar halo populations II: The age gradient in blue horizontal-branch stars
• A Genetic Approach to the History of the Magellanic Clouds
• The Origin of r-process Enhanced Metal-Poor Halo Stars In Now-Destroyed Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Chemical Abundances of the Outer Halo Stars in the Milky Way
• Separating the conjoined red clump in the Galactic Bulge: Kinematics and Abundances
• Euclid preparation: XVI. Exploring the ultra low-surface brightness Universe with Euclid/VIS
• From Stellar Halos to Intracluster Light: the physics of the Intra-Halo Stellar Component in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Elemental Abundances in M31: A Comparative Analysis of Iron and Alpha Element Abundances in the Outer Disk, Giant Stellar Stream, and Inner Halo of M31
• A Predicted Correlation Between Age Gradient and Star Formation History in FIRE Dwarf Galaxies
• Exploring the Very Extended Low Surface Brightness Stellar Populations of the Large Magellanic Cloud with SMASH
• A Disk Origin for the Monoceros Ring and A13 Stellar Overdensities
• Discovery of a Stellar Overdensity in Eridanus-Phoenix in the Dark Energy Survey
• A Halo Expansion (HEX) Technique for Approximating Simulated Dark Matter Haloes
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey II - Planetary Nebulae kinematics within 200 kpc of the cluster core
• Two major accretion epochs in M31 from two distinct populations of globular clusters
• The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
• Detection of a distinct metal-poor stellar halo in the early-type galaxy NGC 3115
• A Blueprint for the Milky Way's Stellar Populations: The Power of Large Photometric and Astrometric Surveys
• Metallicity Bias in the Kinematics of the Milky Way Stellar Halo
• The Saga of M81: Global View of a Massive Stellar Halo in Formation
• Point spread function tails and the measurements of diffuse stellar halo light around edge-on disc galaxies
• Evidence for the accretion origin of halo stars with an extreme r-process enhancement
• The S2 Stream: the shreds of a primitive dwarf galaxy
• The Red and Featureless Outer Disks of Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• Deep HST/ACS Photometry of the M81 Halo
• The SEGUE K Giant Survey. III. Quantifying Galactic Halo Substructure
• The aftermath of the Great Collision between our Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Complexity of the Cetus Stream Unveiled from the Fusion of STREAMFINDER and StarGO
• Chasing Accreted Structures within Gaia DR2 using Deep Learning
• The origin of metal-poor stars on prograde disk orbits in FIRE simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Darwin Tames an Andromeda Dwarf: Unraveling the Orbit of NGC 205 Using a Genetic Algorithm
• Stellar splashback: the edge of the intracluster light
• Measuring the slopes of mass profiles for dwarf spheroidals in triaxial CDM potentials
• Weak Galactic Halo--Fornax dSph Connection from RR Lyrae Stars
• Deep Fabry-Perot Halpha Observations of NGC 7793: a Very Extended Halpha Disk and a Truly Declining Rotation Curve
• Selecting M-giants with infra-red photometry: Distances, metallicities and the Sagittarius stream
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars IV: Updated Properties for 86 Cool Dwarfs Observed During Campaigns 1-17
• The Survey of Centaurus A's Baryonic Structures (SCABS). II. The Extended Globular Cluster System of NGC5128 and its Nearby Environment
• On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. III. The $\alpha$-element abundances
• Modeling the gravitational potential of a cosmological dark matter halo with stellar streams
• Tidal Distortions in NGC1052-DF2 and NGC1052-DF4: Independent Evidence for a Lack of Dark Matter
• Chronography of the Milky Way's Halo System with Field Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars
• A comprehensive view of the Virgo Stellar Stream
• The kinematics of the outer halo of M87 as mapped by planetary nebulae
• On the genealogy of the Orphan Stream
• The Origin of the Virgo Stellar Substructure
• The Cosmic Hunt for Members in the Outskirts of Ultra Faint Dwarf Galaxies: Ursa Major I, Coma Berenices, and Boötes I
• A revolution in star cluster research: setting the scene
• The hunt for the Milky Way's accreted disc
• Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter content of dwarfs in galaxy clusters
• Non-interacting black hole binaries with Gaia and LAMOST
• A Photometric Metallicity Estimate of the Virgo Stellar Overdensity
• Testing cold dark matter with the low mass Tully-Fisher relation
• Evidence of Absence of Tidal Features in the Outskirts of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• Streams Going Notts: The tidal debris finder comparison project
• Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter halo: insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Dragonfly imaging of the galaxy NGC5907: a revised view of the iconic stellar stream
• Insight Into the Formation of the Milky Way Through Cold Halo Substructure. III. Statistical Chemical Tagging in the Smooth Halo
• Stellar haloes of disc galaxies at z~1
• Elemental Abundances in M31: First Alpha and Iron Abundance Measurements in M31's Giant Stellar Stream
• A Deconvolution Technique to Correct Deep Images of Galaxies from Instrumental Scattered Light
• Revealing the Complicated Story of the Cetus Stream with StarGO
• How Unusual is the Milky Way's Assembly History?
• On the Stability of Satellite Planes I: Effects of Mass, Velocity, Halo Shape and Alignment
• HALO7D II: The Halo Velocity Ellipsoid and Velocity Anisotropy with Distant Main Sequence Stars
• Variable stars and stellar populations in Andromeda XXV: III. A central cluster or the galaxy nucleus?
• Identifying RR Lyrae Variable Stars in Six Years of the Dark Energy Survey
• Structure and Population of the NGC55 Stellar Halo from a Subaru/Suprime-Cam Survey
• Stellar Disc Truncations and Extended Haloes in Face-on Spiral Galaxies
• The kinematics of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations and their implications for the assembly history of the Milky Way
• Icarus: a Flat and Fast Prograde Stellar Stream in the Milky Way disk
• The Metal-Poor Stellar Halo in RAVE-TGAS and its Implications for the Velocity Distribution of Dark Matter
• The stellar halo of isolated central galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging survey
• Stars made in outflows may populate the stellar halo of the Milky Way
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) V: a chemo-dynamical investigation of the early assembly of the Milky Way with the most metal-poor stars in the bulge
• Massive central galaxies of galaxy groups in the Romulus simulations: an overview of galaxy properties at z=0
• Chemical Compositions of Kinematically Selected Outer Halo Stars
• Reconstructing the Accretion History of the Galactic Stellar Halo from Chemical Abundance Ratio Distributions
• Probing the Galactic Halo with RR Lyrae Stars. II. The Substructures of the Milky Way
• The stellar halo of the Milky Way traced by blue horizontal-branch stars in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• A Petal of the Sunflower: Photometry of the Stellar Tidal Stream in the Halo of Messier 63 (NGC 5055)
• Stellar Stream and Halo Structure in the Andromeda Galaxy From a Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• Stellar disc streams as probes of the Galactic potential and satellite impacts
• The chemical abundance pattern of the extremely metal-poor thin disk star 2MASS J1808-5104 and its origins
• The central spheroids of Milky Way mass-sized galaxies
• Beta Dips in the Gaia Era: Simulation Predictions of the Galactic Velocity Anisotropy Parameter for Stellar Halos
• Stellar Velocity Dispersion and Anisotropy of the Milky Way Inner Halo
• Simulating the Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Globular Clusters within Galaxy Clusters in Illustris
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Deep anatomy of nearby galaxies
• The Metallicity of Diffuse Intrahalo Light
• Dispersal of tidal debris in a Milky-Way-sized dark matter halo
• Tracing the anemic stellar halo of M101
• Stellar metallicities beyond the Local Group: the potential of J-band spectroscopy with extremely large telescopes
• Is NGC 5824 the Core of the Progenitor of the Cetus Stream?
• Three dynamically distinct stellar populations in the halo of M49
• The accreted stellar halo as a window on halo assembly in L* galaxies
• Systematic Problems With Using Dark Matter Simulations to Model Stellar Halos
• Stellar halos from The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey
• The Hough Stream Spotter: A New Method for Detecting Linear Structure in Resolved Stars and Application to the Stellar Halo of M31
• Newly Discovered RR Lyrae Stars in the SDSSXPanXSTARRS1XCatalina Footprint
• Mapping the anisotropic Galactic stellar halo with Blue Horizontal Branch stars
• Isotropic at the Break? 3D Kinematics of Milky Way Halo Stars in the Foreground of M31
• How cosmological merger histories shape the diversity of stellar haloes
• Elemental Abundances in M31: Gradients in the Giant Stellar Stream
• Reading the CARDs: the Imprint of Accretion History in the Chemical Abundances of the Milky Way's Stellar Halo
• NGC 5694: another foster son of the Galactic Halo
• VVVX-Gaia Discovery of a Low Luminosity Globular Cluster in the Milky Way Disk
• Rotational signature of the Milky Way stellar halo
• Cosmological insights into the assembly of the radial and compact stellar halo of the Milky Way
• Identifying Galactic Halo Substructure in 6D Phase-space Using $\sim$13,000 LAMOST K Giants
• To the Galactic Virial Radius with Hyper Suprime-Cam
• The Disk and Extraplanar Regions of NGC 2403
• Identification of tidal features in deep optical galaxy images with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Detailed abundance analysis of a metal-poor giant in the Galactic Center
• Constraints on the Shape of the Milky Way Dark Matter Halo from Jeans Equations Applied to SDSS Data
• The Metal-Poor Metallicity Distribution of the Ancient Milky Way
• Group Finding in the Stellar Halo using Photometric Surveys: Current Sensitivity and Future Prospects
• Radial Star Formation Histories in Fifteen Nearby Galaxies
• A faint halo star cluster discovered in the Blanco Imaging of the Southern Sky Survey
• A Two-Point Correlation Function For Galactic Halo Stars
• The Age of the Old Metal-Poor Globular Cluster NGC6397 Using WFC3/IR Photometry
• Relating the Diverse Merger Histories and Satellite Populations of Nearby Galaxies
• Linking the brightest stellar streams with the accretion history of Milky Way-like galaxies
• The stellar content of the COSMOS field as derived from morphological and SED based gtar/galaxy Separation
• Wandering Stars: an Origin of Escaped Populations
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M31). IV. Radial oxygen and argon abundance gradients of the thin and thicker disc
• Probing the Nature of the G1 Clump Stellar Overdensity in the Outskirts of M31
• Structure of the Milky Way stellar halo out to its outer boundary with blue horizontal-branch stars
• Phase-space Properties and Chemistry of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream Down to the Extremely Metal-poor ($[Fe/H]\lesssim -3$) Regime
• The observable properties of galaxy accretion events in Milky Way-like galaxies in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• Hunting The Most Distant Stars in the Milky Way: Methods and Initial Results
• On the relevance of chaos for halo stars in the Solar Neighbourhood
• Major Substructure in the M31 Outer Halo: the South-West Cloud
• Two Distant Halo Velocity Groups Discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory
• Quantifying the Smoothness of the Stellar Halo: A Link to Accretion History
• The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations II. The accreted component
• Cataloging Accreted Stars within Gaia DR2 using Deep Learning
• The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations III. Chemical abundance relations for accreted and in-situ stars
• The Effect of Tidal Stripping on Composite Stellar Populations in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Stellar structures in the outer regions of M33
• Sumo Puff: Tidal Debris or Disturbed Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy?
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) II: The outer structure of edge-on galaxies
• The Identification of New Stellar Groupings in the M81 Debris Field
• Star Formation Timescales of the Halo Populations from Asteroseismology and Chemical Abundances
• The Most Distant Stars in the Milky Way
• The kinematic footprints of five stellar streams in Andromeda's halo
• Update on the Cetus Polar Stream and its Progenitor
• A chemo-dynamical link between the Gjöll stream and NGC 3201
• Exploring the diversity and similarity of radially anisotropic Milky Way-like stellar haloes: implications for disrupted dwarf galaxy searches
• Identification of RR Lyrae stars in multiband, sparsely-sampled data from the Dark Energy Survey using template fitting and Random Forest classification
• A machine--vision method for automatic classification of stellar halo substructure
• Fermi Gamma-ray Haze via Dark Matter and Millisecond Pulsars
• Elemental abundances in M31: [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] in M31 Dwarf Galaxies Using Coadded Spectra
• From the Outside Looking in: What can Milky Way Analogues Tell us About the Star Formation Rate of Our Own Galaxy?
• Resolved stellar streams around NGC4631 from a Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey
• Enrichment of Strontium in Dwarf Galaxies
• Cosmic queuing: galaxy satellites, building blocks and the hierarchical clustering paradigm
• The nature of the Milky Way's stellar halo revealed by the three integrals of motion
• Building the Stellar Halo Through Feedback in Dwarf Galaxies
• Chemical abundances in a high velocity RR Lyrae star near the bulge
• The Coupling of Galactic Dark Matter Halos with Stellar Bars
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey. Discovery of a 15 kpc-long gas plume in a $z=4.54$ Lyman-$\alpha$ blob
• Possibilities and Limitations of Kinematically Identifying Stars from Accreted Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Modelling the Milky Way. I -- Method and first results fitting the thick disk and halo with DES-Y3 data
• And the Rest: The Stellar Archeological Record of M82 Outside the Central Starburst
• Simulating cosmological substructure in the solar neighbourhood
• The substructures in the local stellar halo from Gaia and LAMOST
• Self-interacting dark matter interpretation of Crater II
• HALO7D I: The Line of Sight Velocities of Distant Main Sequence Stars in the Milky Way Halo
• A feather on the hat: Tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy
• Abundance analysis of a CEMP-no star in the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Direct detection of galaxy stellar halos : NGC 3957 as a test case
• Tidal tails of dwarf galaxies on different orbits around the Milky Way
• Unearthing Foundations of a Cosmic Cathedral: Searching the Stars for M33's Halo
• Weighing Milky Way Satellites with LISA
• The stellar mass in and around isolated central galaxies: connections to the total mass distribution through galaxy-galaxy lensing in the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey
• New Signatures of the Milky Way Formation in the Local Halo and Inner Halo Streamers in the Era of Gaia
• A LAMOST BHB Catalog and Kinematics Therein I: Catalog and Halo Properties
• The In-situ Origins of Dwarf Stellar Outskirts in FIRE-2
• A Mass-Dependent Yield Origin of Neutron-Capture Element Abundance Distributions in Ultra-Faint Dwarfs
• What to expect from dynamical modelling of galactic haloes
• The stellar metallicity distribution in intermediate latitude fields with BATC and SDSS data
• A-SLOTH reveals the nature of the first stars
• SMHASH: Anatomy of the Orphan Stream using RR Lyrae stars
• A search for star clusters in the outskirts of the Large Magellanic Cloud: indication of clusters in the age gap
• The Disk and Extraplanar Regions of NGC 55
• Recovering the mass profile and orbit anisotropy of mock dwarf galaxies with Schwarzschild modelling
• Kinematics in galactic tidal tails - A source for Hypervelocity stars?
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury II. Tracing the Inner M31 Halo with Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• BALRoGO: Bayesian Astrometric Likelihood Recovery of Galactic Objects -- Global properties of over one hundred globular clusters with Gaia EDR3
• The impact of galaxy geometry and mass evolution on the survival of star clusters
• Halo orbits in cosmological disk galaxies: tracers of formation history
• Origin of metals in old Milky Way halo stars based on GALAH and Gaia
• The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Understanding the Optically Variable Sky with SEQUELS in SDSS-III
• Discovery of a transient ultraluminous X-ray source in the elliptical galaxy M86
• The halo of M105 and its group environment as traced by planetary nebula populations: I. Wide-field photometric survey of planetary nebulae in the Leo I group
• Extending the Chemical Reach of the H3 Survey: Detailed Abundances of the Dwarf-galaxy Stellar Stream Wukong/LMS-1
• Elemental Abundances in M31: Properties of the Inner Stellar Halo
• Population III stars around the Milky Way
• Probing Intra-Halo Light with Galaxy Stacking in CIBER Images
• A panoramic view of the Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822
• New views of the distant stellar halo
• Predictions for the detection of Tidal Streams with Gaia using Great Circle Methods
• Detection of Satellite Remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia - II. A modified Great Circle Cell Method
• Modeling globular clusters in the TNG50 simulation: predictions from dwarfs to giants
• A Spatial Characterization of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy Tidal Tails
• First estimate of the local value of the baryonic streaming velocity
• What is the Milky Way outer halo made of? High resolution spectroscopy of distant red giants
• Hunting A Wandering Supermassive Black Hole in M31 Halo -- Hermitage of Black Hole
• Comparing semi-analytic particle tagging and hydrodynamical simulations of the Milky Way's stellar halo
• Exploring the interaction between the MW and LMC with a large sample of blue horizontal branch stars from the DESI survey
• The Effect of Substructure on Mass Estimates of Galaxies
• Stellar Populations in the Outer Disk and Halo of the Spiral Galaxy M101
• Probing the Halo From the Solar Vicinity to the Outer Galaxy: Connecting Stars in Local Velocity Structures to Large-Scale Clouds
• Push it to the limit: Local Group constraints on high-redshift stellar mass functions for Mstar > 10^5 Msun
• External gas accretion provides a fresh gas supply to the active S0 galaxy NGC 5077
• Probing the early Milky Way with GHOST spectra of an extremely metal-poor star in the Galactic disk
• RR Lyrae Variable Stars in the Crater II Dwarf Galaxy
• Intra-cluster Globular Clusters in a Simulated Galaxy Cluster
• New Surface Brightness Fluctuations Spectroscopic Technique: NGC4449 and its Stellar Tidal Stream
• Dissecting galaxy formation models with Sensitivity Analysis -- A new approach to constrain the Milky Way formation history
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Effects of chaos on the detectability of stellar streams
• Dynamics of Stellar Disk Tilting from Satellite Mergers
• NGC 5253 and ESO 269-G058: Dwarf Galaxies with a Past
• Unveiling the past evolution of the progenitor of the Helmi streams
• Dynamical friction for accelerated motion in a gaseous medium
• New halo stars of the Galactic globular clusters M3 and M13 in the LAMOST DR1 Catalog
• Radial Star Formation Histories in 32 Nearby Galaxies
• Kinematics in Kapteyn's Selected Area 76: Orbital Motions Within the Highly Substructured Anticenter Stream
• Elemental Abundances in M31: Iron and Alpha Element Abundances in M31's Outer Halo
• A new fitting-function to describe the time evolution of a galaxy's gravitational potential
• A 6-d View of Stellar Shells
• The tidal evolution of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal and its globular clusters
• Understanding the early stages of galaxy formation using very metal-poor stars from the Hamburg/ESO survey
• Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Detection Limit in the CSST survey
• The red halos of SDSS low surface brightness disk galaxies
• The prolate dark matter halo of the Andromeda galaxy
• Hyper Wide Field Imaging of the Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC 1613: An Extended Component of Metal-poor Stars
• Constructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
• The Relevance of Dynamical Friction for the MW/LMC/SMC Triple System
• They Might Be Giants: An Efficient Color-Based Selection of Red Giant Stars
• The elusive stellar halo of the Triangulum Galaxy
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• Ultra-deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• Metallicity and Age of the Stellar Stream Around the Disk Galaxy NGC 5907
• Exploring the chemodynamics of metal-poor stellar populations
• A Unified Exploration of the Chronology of the Galaxy
• New cluster members and halo stars of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 1851
• The Extended Disk Galaxy Exploration Science Survey: Description and Surface Brightness Profile Properties
• Particle tagging and its implications for stellar population dynamics
• The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey: Shaping the outer disc of NGC 4565 via accretion
• Dependence of Galactic Halo Kinematics on the Adopted Galactic Potential
• Unlocking the secrets of stellar haloes using combined star counts and surface photometry
• The Galaxy Replacement Technique (GRT): a New Approach to Study Tidal Stripping and Formation of Intracluster Light in a Cosmological Context
• A giant thin stellar stream in the Coma Galaxy Cluster
• On the Edge: the relation between stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Finding $r$-II sibling stars in the Milky Way with the Greedy Optimistic Clustering algorithm
• Spectroscopic Follow-Up of the Hercules Aquila Cloud
• Hunting ghosts: the iconic stellar stream(s) around NG5907 under scrutiny
• Stellar Over-densities in the Outer Halo of the Milky Way
• The Origin of the Milky Way's Halo Age Distribution
• Cannibalization and Rebirth in the NGC5387 System. I. The Stellar Stream & Star Forming Region
• Astrometry with the Wide-Field InfraRed Space Telescope
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) IV: A photometric metallicity analysis of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Remnants of recent mergers in nearby early-type galaxies and their classification
• Chemical Abundance Patterns and the Early Environment of Dwarf Galaxies
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• Elemental abundances in M31: Individual and Coadded Spectroscopic [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] throughout the M31 Halo with SPLASH
• A MegaCam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. VII. A Single Sérsic Index v/s Effective Radius Relation for Milky Way Outer Halo Satellites
• The Milky Way Revealed by Variable Stars I: Sample Selection of RR Lyrae stars, and Evidence for the Merger History
• Saying Hallo to M94's Stellar Halo: Investigating the Accretion History of the Largest Pseudobulge Host in the Local Universe
• Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) Spectra of Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Halo of M87
• Robust Clustering of the Local Milky Way Stellar Kinematic Substructures with Gaia eDR3
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• The Early Merger that Made the Galaxy's Stellar Halo
• The Origin of the 300 km s${}^{-1}$ Stream Near Segue 1
• A survey for dwarf galaxy remnants around fourteen globular clusters in the outer halo
• NGC 147, NGC 185 and CassII: a genetic approach to orbital properties, star formation and tidal debris
• Old Massive Globular Clusters and the Stellar Halo of the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 4449
• Galactic orbital motions of star clusters: static versus semicosmological time-dependent Galactic potentials
• The Stellar Disk of M81
• seestar: Selection functions for spectroscopic surveys of the Milky Way
• Tracing the Metal-Poor M31 Stellar Halo with Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Tidal stripping stellar substructures around four metal-poor globular clusters in the Galactic bulge
• Jeans Instability in a Tidally Disrupted Halo Satellite Galaxy
• Devouring the Milky Way Satellites: Modeling Dwarf Galaxies with Galacticus
• On the Hunt for the Origins of the Orphan--Chenab Stream: Detailed Element Abundances with APOGEE and Gaia
• Kinematics and Metallicity of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Northeast Shelf of M31
• Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disk and halo have similar wide binary fractions
• The GALAH Survey: No chemical evidence of an extragalactic origin for the Nyx stream
• GHOSTS I: A New Faint very Isolated Dwarf Galaxy at D = 12 +/- 2 Mpc
• Chemical evolution of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: testing the IGIMF
• Statistical properties of substructures around Milky Way-sized haloes and their implications for the formation of stellar streams
• Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?
• The Science Case for PILOT III: the Nearby Universe
• The Stellar Halo and Tidal Streams of Messier 63
• Jeans that fit: weighing the mass of the Milky Way analogues in the $\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ universe
• Absence of obvious tidal tails around the globular cluster NGC 6397
• Non-Parametric Spherical Jeans Mass Estimation with B-splines
• Observing the stellar halo of Andromeda in cosmological simulations: the Auriga2PAndAS pipeline
• Auriga Streams I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
• Unveiling the environment and faint features of the isolated galaxy CIG 96 with deep optical and HI observations
• A machine learning approach to infer the accreted stellar mass fractions of central galaxies in the TNG100 simulation
• Galaxy archaeology for wet mergers: Globular cluster age distributions in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
• Prospects for Detecting Gaps in Globular Cluster Stellar Streams in External Galaxies with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Chemical Abundances of the Typhon Stellar Stream
• Stellar substructures in the solar neighbourhood. III. Kinematic group 2 in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey
• More pieces of the puzzle: Chemistry and substructures in the Galactic thick disk
• Stellar Tidal Streams in External Galaxies
• Milky Way simulations: the Galaxy, its stellar halo and its satellites - insights from a hybrid cosmological approach
• A Search for Intergalactic Globular Clusters in the Local Group
• Red giants in the outer halo of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 / Centaurus A
• The Dragonfly Wide Field Survey. II. Accurate Total Luminosities and Colors of Nearby Massive Galaxies and Implications for the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function
• Machine Learning the 6th Dimension: Stellar Radial Velocities from 5D Phase-Space Correlations
• Comparing Observed Stellar Kinematics and Surface Densities in a Low Latitude Bulge Field to Galactic Population Synthesis Models
• Europium enrichment and hierarchical formation of the Galactic halo
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of diffuse stellar structures and globular clusters as probes of the mass assembly of galaxies in the Dorado group
• An optimized Method to Identify RR Lyrae stars in the SDSS X Pan-STARRS1 Overlapping Area Using a Bayesian Generative Technique
• The Aquarius Co-Moving Group is Not a Disrupted Classical Globular Cluster
• Stellar substructures in the solar neighbourhood IV. Kinematic Group 1 in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Star Formation in 15 Local Star-Forming Galaxies
• The role of accreted and in situ populations in shaping the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies
• High-Resolution Chemical Abundances of the Nyx Stream
• Is there substructure around M87?
• Variable Stars and Stellar Populations in Andromeda XXVII: IV. An off-centered, disrupted galaxy
• A Magellanic origin for the Virgo substructure
• Isothermal distributions in MONDian gravity as a simple unifying explanation for the ubiquitous $\rho \propto r^{-3}$ density profiles in tenuous stellar halos
• KMTNet Nearby Galaxy Survey I. : Optimal strategy for low surface brightness imaging with KMTNet
• Evidence That Hydra I is a Tidally Disrupting Milky Way Dwarf Galaxy
• Performance Assessment of the KASI-Deep Rolling Imaging Fast-optics Telescope pathfinder
• Identifying Star Streams in the Milky Way Halo
• RR Lyrae stars as probes of the outer Galactic halo: Chemical and kinematic analysis of a pilot sample
• Addressing via N-body simulations the distribution of the satellite tidal debris in the Milky Way environment
• Cold, old and metal-poor: New stellar substructures in the Milky Way's dwarf spheroidals
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Extended Stellar Components of Galaxies & the Nature of Dark Matter
• Two substructures in the nearby stellar halo found in Gaia and RAVE
• Revisit NGC 5466 Tidal Stream with $Gaia$, SDSS/SEGUE and LAMOST
• Globular clusters in the stellar stream surrounding the Milky Way analog NGC 5907
• The Lost Dwarfs of Centaurus A and the Formation of its Dark Globular Clusters
• Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
• Where Did the Outskirts Go? Outer Stellar Haloes as a Sensitive Probe of Supernova Feedback
• Origins and Interpretation of Tidal Debris
• Characterizing the SHARDS of Disrupted Milky Way Satellites with LAMOST
• Low-metallicity stellar halo populations as tracers of dark matter haloes
• How the extinction of extragalactic background light affects surface photometry of galaxies, groups and clusters
• Outer Spiral Disks as Clues to Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• The Smallest Scale of Hierarchy Survey (SSH) III. Dwarf-dwarf satellite merging phenomena in the low-mass regime
• The global structure of the Milky Way's stellar halo based on the orbits of local metal-poor stars
• HALO7D III: Chemical Abundances of Milky Way Halo Stars from Medium Resolution Spectra
• The kinematics of globular clusters systems in the outer halos of the Aquarius simulations
• A Ghost in Boötes: The Least Luminous Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy
• Relics of Galaxy Merging: Observational Predictions for a Wandering Massive Black Hole and Accompanying Star Cluster in the Halo of M31
• Mapping the Distant and Metal-Poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
• Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia colour-magnitude diagram fitting (ChronoGal) -- III. Age and metallicity distribution of Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus stars near the Sun
• Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage-Enceladus Analogues: Two Sausages, One Bun?
• Mapping the Milky Way's stellar halo with 2D data
• Building and Calibrating the Binary Star Population Using Kepler Data
• Searching for globular clusters in the inner halo of the Circinus galaxy
• AuriDESI: Mock Catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
• SMHASH: A new mid-infrared RR Lyrae distance determination for the Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sculptor
• Discovery of NES, an extended tidal structure in the North-East of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Pristine Survey -- XXVII. Journey to the Galactic outskirts -- Mapping the outer halo red giant stars down to the very metal-poor end
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• On the theory of mass loss in dwarf galaxies: I - basic equations and the case of wave/thermal driven winds
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M31) VII. Predictions of a major merger simulation model compared with chemodynamical data of the disc and inner halo substructures
• Stellar tidal streams around nearby spiral galaxies with deep imaging from amateur telescopes
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• Revealing the Milky Way's Most Recent Major Merger with a Gaia EDR3 Catalog of Machine-Learned Line-of-Sight Velocities
• First resolved stellar halo kinematics of a MW-mass galaxy outside the Local Group: A flat counter-rotating halo in NGC 4945
• The Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum-Andromeda Overdensity
• The YMCA (Yes, Magellanic Clouds Again) survey: probing the outer regions of the Magellanic system with VST
• Globular clusters in \textsc{OrbIT}: complete dynamical characterisation of the globular cluster population of the Milky Way through updated orbital reconstruction
• Structural and Photometric Properties of the Andromeda Satellite Dwarf Galaxy Lacerta I from Deep Imaging with WIYN pODI
• Simulations of the accreted stellar halos of low-mass field galaxies
• Galactic cartography with SkyMapper: I. Population sub-structure and the stellar number density of the inner halo
• The Three Hundred Project: The stellar angular momentum evolution of cluster galaxies
• Can radial motions in the stellar halo constrain the rate of change of mass in the Galaxy?
• KMTNet Nearby Galaxy Survey: Overview and a Survey Description
• Survivors and Zombies: The Quenching and Disruption of Satellites around Milky Way Analogs
• Tidal mass loss in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy through N-body simulations with Gaia DR3-based orbits
• Memoirs of mass accretion: probing the edges of intracluster light in simulated galaxy clusters
• Applying machine learning to Galactic Archaeology: how well can we recover the origin of stars in Milky Way-like galaxies?
• RR Lyrae Stars In Stellar Streams with Gaia: The Escapers
• Study of the Influence of an Evolving Galactic Potential on the Orbital Properties of 152 Globular clusters with Data from the Gaia EDR3 Catalogue
• Fitting the density substructure of the stellar halo with MilkyWay@home
• Building Blocks of the Milky Way's Accreted Spheroid
• Architecture of the Andromeda: a quantitative analysis of clustering in the inner stellar halo
• Very metal-poor stars in the solar vicinity: kinematics and abundance analysis
• Auriga Streams II: orbital properties of tidally disrupting satellites of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Tomography of stellar halos: what does anisotropy in a stellar halo tell us?
• The weak connection between the stellar haloes and merger histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• A pilot survey of stellar tidal streams in nearby spiral galaxies
• On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes -- VIII. Early Formation of the Galactic Spheroid
• Modeling Tidal Streams and Tidal Tails around Galaxies Using Deep Wendelstein Imaging Data
• On dynamical friction in a gaseous medium with a boundary
• Synthetic HI observations of spiral structure in the outer disk in galaxies
• Chemical abundances of field halo stars -- Implications for the building blocks of the Milky Way
• The optimisation of low-acceleration interstellar relativistic rocket trajectories using genetic algorithms
• Exploring the connection between stellar halo profiles and accretion histories in $L_{\ast }$ galaxies
• Elliptical galaxies/stellar halos connection
• A disk and no signatures of tidal distortion in the galaxy "lacking" dark matter NGC 1052-DF2
• Accreted stars and stellar haloes of simulated galaxies in TNG50
• The Vertical Displacement of the Milky Way Disk
• Kinematics and Angular Momentum in Early Type Galaxy Halos
• Detection of a Stellar Halo in NGC 4244
• COUGS-DESI: A Catalog of Unusual Galaxies with Polar Structures in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• Complexity in small-scale dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• A Hint of Three-section Halo as Seen from the APOGEE DR14
• Resolving the Outer Disks and Halos of Nearby Galaxies
• The Hierarchical Structure of Galactic Haloes: Generalised N-Dimensional Clustering with CluSTAR-ND
• The progenitor galaxies of stellar haloes as "failed" Milky Ways
• Probing the spatial and velocity anisotropies in stellar halos from the Aquarius simulations
• Using two point correlation functions to understand the assembly histories of Milky Way-like galaxies
• Red Halos of Galaxies - Reservoirs of Baryonic Dark Matter?
• Calibrating the Color-Magnitude Relation of M Giants by Using Open Clusters
• The PARADIGM project II: The lifetimes and quenching of satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• HR-GO II: chemical abundances of low-$E$ retrograde dynamically-tagged-groups: Revealing Thamnos as a very metal-poor substructure
• Two faces of Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus: Mining the chemical abundance space with graph attention networks
• Anthropic Likelihood for the Cosmological Constant and the Primordial Density Perturbation Amplitude
• The survey of Planetary Nebulae in Andromeda (M31): I. Imaging the disk and halo with MegaCam@CFHT
• Rediscovering the origins of the stellar halo with chemical tagging
• walter: A Tool for Predicting Resolved Stellar Population Observations with Applications to the Roman Space Telescope
• Machine Learning for Galactic Archaeology: A chemistry-based neural network method for identification of accreted disc stars
• Purveyors of fine halos III. Chemical abundance analysis of a potential omega Cen associate
• Metallicity Mapping with gri Photometry: The Virgo Overdensity and the Halos of the Galaxy
• Galactic tides and the Crater II dwarf spheroidal: a challenge to LCDM?
• What can the outskirts of galaxies tell us about dark matter?
• Tracing Milky Way substructure with an RR Lyrae hierarchical clustering forest
• Stellar populations of stellar halos: Results from the Illustris simulation
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers
• An ancient system hidden in the Galactic plane?
• Dwarf stellar haloes: a powerful probe of small-scale galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter
• From the Fire: A Deeper Look at the Phoenix Stream
• The Future of Stellar Populations Studies in the Milky Way and the Local Group
• The Structure of Galaxies at Faint Light Levels: Probing Galaxy Assembly
• A Tilt in the Dark Matter Halo of the Galaxy
• Constraining the population of dark matter halo shapes using hierarchical inference with extragalactic stellar streams
• Stellar halos of bright central galaxies II: Scaling relations, colors and metallicity evolution with redshift
• The DORCHA suite: nature, nurture, and the phase space distribution of the Milky Way's high redshift progenitors today