Improved Estimates of the Milky Way's Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate from Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis

Abstract

We present improved estimates of several global properties of the Milky Way, including its current star formation rate (SFR), the stellar mass contained in its disk and bulge+bar components, as well as its total stellar mass. We do so by combining previous measurements from the literature using a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) statistical method that allows us to account for the possibility that any value may be incorrect or have underestimated errors. We show that this method is robust to a wide variety of assumptions about the nature of problems in individual measurements or error estimates. Ultimately, our analysis yields a SFR for the Galaxy of ${\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\star }=1.65\pm 0.19$ ${\text{M}}_{\odot }{\text{yr}}^{-1}$, assuming a Kroupa initial mass function (IMF). By combining HB methods with Monte Carlo simulations that incorporate the latest estimates of the Galactocentric radius of the Sun, $R_0$, the exponential scale length of the disk, $L_d$, and the local surface density of stellar mass, ${\Sigma }_{\star }(R_0)$, we show that the mass of the Galactic bulge+bar is ${\text{M}}_{\star }^B=0.91\pm 0.07\times 10^{10}$ ${\text{M}}_{\odot }$, the disk mass is ${\text{M}}_{\star }^D=5.17\pm 1.11\times 10^{10}$ ${\text{M}}_{\odot }$, and their combination yields a total stellar mass of ${\text{M}}_{\star }=6.08\pm 1.14\times 10^{10}$ ${\text{M}}_{\odot }$ (assuming a Kroupa IMF and an exponential disk profile). This analysis is based upon a new compilation of literature bulge mass estimates, normalized to common assumptions about the stellar initial mass function and Galactic disk properties, presented herein. We additionally find a bulge-to-total mass ratio for the Milky Way of $B/T=0.150_{-0.019}^{+0.028}$ and a specific star formation rate of ${\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\star }/{\text{M}}_{\star }=2.71\pm 0.59\times 10^{-11}{\text{yr}}^{-1}$.

21 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, 1 appendix

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• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) III. A numerical simulation view of satellites around Milky-Way analogues
• The Two-infall Model Revisited: Constraints on Milky Way Bulge Assembly from >30,000 Galactic Chemical Evolution Models and Machine Learning
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Self-lensing binaries as probes of Supernova physics
• Large Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Ancestors of Milky Way-Mass Galaxies 9 Billion Years Ago
• X-ray emission of the Nuclear Stellar Disk as seen by SRG/ART-XC
• Simulating High-Velocity Clouds in the Observational Plane: An Initial Study with the Smith Cloud
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• Non-Parametric Attenuation Curves in Local Star-Forming Galaxies: Geometry Effect, Dust Evolution, and ISS
• Young, blue, and isolated stellar systems in the Virgo Cluster. II. A new class of stellar system
• Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
• Size-scaling of clump instabilities in turbulent, feedback regulated disks