Beyond Ultra-diffuse Galaxies. I. Mass--Size Outliers among the Satellites of Milky Way Analogs

Abstract

Large diffuse galaxies are hard to find, but understanding the environments where they live, their numbers, and ultimately their origins, is of intense interest and importance for galaxy formation and evolution. Using Subaru's Hyper Suprime-Cam Strategic Survey Program, we perform a systematic search for low surface brightness galaxies and present novel and effective methods for detecting and modeling them. As a case study, we surveyed 922 Milky Way analogs in the nearby Universe ($0.01<z<0.04$) and build a large sample of satellite galaxies that are outliers in the mass-size relation. These ``ultra-puffy'' galaxies (UPGs), defined to be $1.5\sigma$ above the average mass-size relation, represent the tail of the satellite size distribution. We find that each MW analog hosts $N_{\mathrm{UPG}}=0.31\pm 0.05$ ultra-puffy galaxies on average, which is consistent with but slightly lower than the observed abundance at this halo mass in the Local Volume. We also construct a sample of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in MW analogs and find an abundance of $N_{\mathrm{UDG}}=0.44\pm 0.05$ per host. With literature results, we confirm that the UDG abundance scales with the host halo mass following a sublinear power law. We argue that our definition for ultra-puffy galaxies, which is based on the mass-size relation, is more physically-motivated than the common definition of ultra-diffuse galaxies, which depends on surface brightness and size cuts and thus yields different surface mass density cuts for quenched and star-forming galaxies.

19 pages, 7 figures, ApJ accepted. Also see the companion paper arXiv:2302.14108

References in corpus (53)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• The Gaia mission
• K-corrections and filter transformations in the ultraviolet, optical, and near infrared
• Updated Nearby Galaxy Catalog
• Forty-Seven Milky Way-Sized, Extremely Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• NIHAO XI: Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies by outflows
• Imfit: A Fast, Flexible New Program for Astronomical Image Fitting
• A second galaxy missing dark matter in the NGC1052 group
• Still Missing Dark Matter: KCWI High-Resolution Stellar Kinematics of NGC1052-DF2
• Extensive Globular Cluster Systems Associated with Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• The formation and evolution of low-surface-brightness galaxies
• The abundance of ultra-diffuse galaxies from groups to clusters: UDGs are relatively more common in more massive haloes
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XXX. Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies and their Globular Cluster Systems
• Robust HI kinematics of gas-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies: hints of a weak-feedback formation scenario
• ELVES I: Structures of Dwarf Satellites of MW-like Galaxies; Morphology, Scaling Relations, and Intrinsic Shapes
• A physically motivated definition for the size of galaxies in an era of ultra-deep imaging
• A trail of dark matter-free galaxies from a bullet dwarf collision
• The nearest ultra diffuse galaxy: UGC2162
• Globular Clusters in Coma Cluster Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs): Evidence for Two Types of UDG?
• The early-type dwarf galaxy population of the Hydra I cluster
• Observational Properties of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Field: Field-UDGs are Predominantly Blue and Starforming
• The evolution of ultra-diffuse galaxies in nearby galaxy clusters from the Kapteyn IAC WEAVE INT Clusters Survey ($\text{KIWICS}$)
• Discovery of a red ultra-diffuse galaxy in a nearby void based on its globular cluster luminosity function
• ELVES II: GCs and Nuclear Star Clusters of Dwarf Galaxies; The Importance of Environment
• NGC5846-UDG1: A galaxy formed mostly by star formation in massive, extremely dense clumps of gas
• Quiescent Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the field originating from backsplash orbits
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster. I. Photometric properties of early-type galaxies
• The impact of gas disc flaring on rotation curve decomposition and revisiting baryonic and dark-matter relations for nearby galaxies
• Origin and evolution of ultra-diffuse galaxies in different environments
• Galaxy populations in the Hydra I cluster from the VEGAS survey II. The ultra-diffuse galaxy population
• Systematically Measuring Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies (SMUDGes). III. The Southern SMUDGes Catalog
• Mass-to-Light versus Color Relations for Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
• Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Perseus Cluster: Comparing Galaxy Properties with Globular Cluster System Richness
• The Odd Dark Matter Halos of Isolated Gas-rich Ultradiffuse Galaxies
• Systematically Measuring Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies (SMUDGes). II. Expanded Survey Description and the Stripe 82 Catalog
• A New View of the Size-Mass Distribution of Galaxies: Using $r_{20}$ and $r_{80}$ instead of $r_{50}$
• The edges of galaxies: Tracing the limits of star formation
• Tidal Distortions in NGC1052-DF2 and NGC1052-DF4: Independent Evidence for a Lack of Dark Matter
• Detection of a Large Population of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in Massive Galaxy Clusters: Abell S1063 and Abell 2744
• Evidence of Absence of Tidal Features in the Outskirts of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• Discovery and analysis of low-surface-brightness galaxies in the environment of NGC 1052
• The Intrinsic Shapes of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: a Discriminant of LSBG Formation Mechanisms
• Reaching for the Edge I: Probing the Outskirts of Massive Galaxies with HSC, DECaLS, SDSS, and Dragonfly
• Self-consistent Color-Mass-to-Light-Ratio relations for Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• What's in a name? Quantifying the interplay between the Definition, Orientation, and Shape of Ultra-diffuse Galaxies Using the Romulus Simulations
• On the Properties of Spectroscopically-Confirmed Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies Across Environment
• Monochromatic globular clusters as a critical test of formation models for the dark matter deficient galaxies NGC1052-DF2 and NGC1052-DF4
• The Missing Satellite Problem Outside of the Local Group. II. Statistical Properties of Satellites of Milky Way-like Galaxies
• Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies as Extreme Star-forming Environments I: Mapping Star Formation in HI-Rich UDGs
• A Method To Characterize the Wide-Angle Point Spread Function of Astronomical Images
• A Machine Learning Approach to Measuring the Quenched Fraction of Low-Mass Satellites Beyond the Local Group
• The Nature of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• Extending Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Abundances to Milky Way Analogs

Cited by in corpus (8)

• Exploring the nature of dark matter with the extreme galaxy AGC 114905
• Hedgehog: An Isolated Quiescent Dwarf Galaxy at 2.4 Mpc
• Properties of Nuclear Star Clusters in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Environmental Quenching of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies near Milky Way mass Hosts
• Zangetsu: A Candidate of Isolated, Quiescent, and Backsplash Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy in the COSMOS Field
• The baryonic mass-size relation of galaxies. II. Implications for the evolutionary paths between star-forming and passive galaxies
• Environmental Invariance of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation
• Can AI Dream of Unseen Galaxies? Conditional Diffusion Model for Galaxy Morphology Augmentation