Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): mass-size relations of z$<$0.1 galaxies subdivided by Sérsic index, colour and morphology

Abstract

We use data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey in the redshift range 0.01$<$z$<$0.1 (8399 galaxies in $g$ to $K_s$ bands) to derive the stellar mass $-$ half-light radius relations for various divisions of 'early' and 'late'-type samples. We find the choice of division between early and late (i.e., colour, shape, morphology) is not particularly critical, however, the adopted mass limits and sample selections (i.e., the careful rejection of outliers and use of robust fitting methods) are important. In particular we note that for samples extending to low stellar mass limits ($<10^{10}{\mathcal{M}}_{\odot }$) the Sérsic index bimodality, evident for high mass systems, becomes less distinct and no-longer acts as a reliable separator of early- and late-type systems. The final set of stellar mass $-$ half-light radius relations are reported for a variety of galaxy population subsets in 10 bands ($ugrizZYJH{K}_s$) and are intended to provide a comprehensive low-z benchmark for the many ongoing high-z studies. Exploring the variation of the stellar mass $-$ half-light radius relations with wavelength we confirm earlier findings that galaxies appear more compact at longer wavelengths albeit at a smaller level than previously noted: at $10^{10}{\mathcal{M}}_{\odot }$ both spiral systems and ellipticals show a decrease in size of 13% from $g$ to $K_s$ (which is near linear in log wavelength). Finally we note that the sizes used in this work are derived from 2D Sérsic light profile fitting (using GALFIT3), i.e., elliptical semi-major half light radii, improving on earlier low-z benchmarks based on circular apertures.

References in corpus (17)

• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• zCOSMOS: A Large VLT/VIMOS redshift survey covering 0 < z < 3 in the COSMOS field
• The Evolution of Galaxy Structure over Cosmic Time
• Size evolution of the most massive galaxies at 1.7<z<3 from GOODS NICMOS survey imaging
• The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: the B-band attenuation of bulge and disc light and the implied cosmic dust and stellar mass densities
• The Kormendy relation of massive elliptical galaxies at z~1.5. Evidence for size evolution ?
• Effect of environment on galaxies mass-size distribution: unveiling the transition from outside-in to inside-out evolution
• Fundamental Mass-Spin-Morphology Relation of Spiral Galaxies
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): autoz spectral redshift measurements, confidence and errors
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the wavelength-dependent sizes and profiles of galaxies revealed by MegaMorph
• The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The luminosity functions of bulges and discs and their implied stellar mass densities
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): ugrizYJHK Sérsic luminosity functions and the cosmic spectral energy distribution by Hubble type
• Modelling the spectral energy distribution of galaxies. IV Correcting apparent disk scalelengths and central surface brightnesses for the effect of dust at optical and near-infrared wavelengths
• The galaxy luminosity - size relation and selection biases in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Detection, size, measurement and structural analysis limits for the 2MASS, UKIDSS-LAS & VISTA VIKING surveys

Cited by in corpus (214)

• The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic and Integrated Properties
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• SPARC: Mass Models for 175 Disk Galaxies with Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves
• The Radial Acceleration Relation in Rotationally Supported Galaxies
• The Size Evolution of Star-forming and Quenched Galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• How to measure galaxy star-formation histories I: Parametric models
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the G02 field, Herschel-ATLAS target selection and Data Release 3
• The FLAMINGO project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for large-scale structure and galaxy cluster surveys
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Data Release 4 and the z < 0.1 total and z < 0.08 morphological galaxy stellar mass functions
• Size evolution of normal and compact galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• COSMOS-DASH: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation Since z~3 from new Wide Field WFC3 Imaging Combined with CANDELS/3DHST
• LOFAR/H-ATLAS: The low-frequency radio luminosity - star-formation rate relation
• The Formation of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in Cored Dark Matter Halos Through Tidal Stripping and Heating
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the link between angular momentum and optical morphology
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Panchromatic Data Release (far-UV --- far-IR) and the low-z energy budget
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar angular momentum of about 2300 galaxies: unveiling the bimodality of massive galaxy properties
• The MillenniumTNG Project: The hydrodynamical full physics simulation and a first look at its galaxy clusters
• Strong Dependence of Type Ia Supernova Standardization on the Local Specific Star Formation Rate
• Formation of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the field and in galaxy groups
• The Relationship between Galaxy and Dark Matter Halo Size from z~3 to the present
• Is the dark-matter halo spin a predictor of galaxy spin and size?
• The Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in Clusters
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): ${\mathcal{M}}_{\star }-R_{\mathrm{e}}$ relations of $z=0$ bulges, discs and spheroids
• ProFit: Bayesian Profile Fitting of Galaxy Images
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Motivation, Design and Target Catalogue
• Tidal stripping as a possible origin of the ultra diffuse galaxy lacking dark matter
• Hyper-Fit: Fitting Linear Models to Multidimensional Data with Multivariate Gaussian Uncertainties
• The stellar-to-halo mass relation of GAMA galaxies from 100 square degrees of KiDS weak lensing data
• The Formation of Isolated Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in Romulus25
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Global stellar populations on the size-mass plane
• The mass discrepancy acceleration relation in a $\Lambda$CDM context
• ELVES I: Structures of Dwarf Satellites of MW-like Galaxies; Morphology, Scaling Relations, and Intrinsic Shapes
• Energy equipartition between stellar and dark matter particles in cosmological simulations results in spurious growth of galaxy sizes
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the Stellar Mass Budget by Galaxy Type
• Extending the evolution of the stellar mass-size relation at $z\le 2$ to low stellar mass galaxies from HFF and CANDELS
• From the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared -- galaxy emission at $0\le z\le 10$ in the Shark semi-analytic model
• Dark matters on the scale of galaxies
• Kinematics of Simulated Galaxies I: Connecting Dynamical and Morphological Properties of Early-Type Galaxies at Different Redshifts
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: comparing 3D spectroscopic observations with galaxies from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• H${}_2$-based star formation laws in hierarchical models of galaxy formation
• Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: A Mass-Dependent Slope of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at $z<1$
• NIHAO-UHD: The properties of MW-like stellar disks in high resolution cosmological simulations
• Hiding in plain sight: An abundance of compact massive spheroids in the local Universe
• Galaxy morphological classification in deep-wide surveys via unsupervised machine learning
• Intrinsic Alignments of Galaxies in the Illustris Simulation
• The Dramatic Size and Kinematic Evolution of Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Rest-frame near-infrared sizes of galaxies at cosmic noon: objects in JWST's mirror are smaller than they appeared
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Environmental Quenching of Centrals and Satellites in Groups
• The dust-continuum size of TNG50 galaxies at $z=1-5$: a comparison with the distribution of stellar light, stars, dust and H${}_2$
• Early Low-Mass Galaxies and Star-Cluster Candidates at z~6-9 Identified by the Gravitational Lensing Technique and Deep Optical/Near-Infrared Imaging
• An EAGLE's View of Ex-situ Galaxy Growth
• What shapes a galaxy? - Unraveling the role of mass, environment and star formation in forming galactic structure
• The influence of environment on satellite galaxies in the GAEA semi-analytic model
• Evolution of galaxy size--stellar mass relation from the Kilo Degree Survey
• The relationship between fine galaxy stellar morphology and star formation activity in cosmological simulations: a deep learning view
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the Stellar Mass Budget of Galaxy Spheroids and Disks
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): growing up in a bad neighbourhood - how do low-mass galaxies become passive?
• The baryonic specific angular momentum of disc galaxies
• The importance of black hole repositioning for galaxy formation simulations
• On the Lack of Correlation Between [OIII]/[OII] and Lyman-Continuum Escape Fraction
• The SLUGGS Survey: Dark matter fractions at large radii and assembly epochs of early-type galaxies from globular cluster kinematics
• Introducing a new, robust galaxy finder algorithm for simulations
• The SLUGGS Survey: The mass distribution in early-type galaxies within five effective radii and beyond
• A detailed study of Andromeda XIX, an extreme local analogue of ultra diffuse galaxies
• The mass, colour, and structural evolution of today's massive galaxies since z~5
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Bulge-Disc Decomposition of IFU Datacubes (BUDDI)
• Sizes, Colour gradients and Resolved Stellar Mass Distributions for the Massive Cluster Galaxies in XMMUJ2235-2557 at z = 1.39
• hCOSMOS: a dense spectroscopic survey of $r⩽21.3$ galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Constraints on Quenching of $z\lesssim 2$ Massive Galaxies from the Evolution of the average Sizes of Star-Forming and Quenched Populations in COSMOS
• The Formation of Bulges, Discs and Two Component Galaxies in the CANDELS Survey at z < 3
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The sSFR-M* relation part I - ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$-M* as a function of sample, SFR indicator and environment
• What Determines the Sizes of Bars in Spiral Galaxies?
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the wavelength dependence of galaxy structure versus redshift and luminosity
• Galaxy Sizes Since $z=2$ from the Perspective of Stellar Mass Distribution within Galaxies
• The effects of the cluster environment on the galaxy mass-size relation in MACSJ J1206.2-0847
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Consistent multi-wavelength photometry for the DEVILS regions (COSMOS, XMMLSS & ECDFS)
• The Milky Way tomography with APOGEE: intrinsic density distribution and structure of mono-abundance populations
• The HIX galaxy survey II: HI kinematics of HI eXtreme galaxies
• Realistic mock observations of the sizes and stellar mass surface densities of massive galaxies in FIRE-2 zoom-in simulations
• An Excess of Globular Clusters in UDGs Formed Through Tidal Heating
• Color gradients and half-mass radii of galaxies out to $z=2$ in the CANDELS/3D-HST fields: further evidence for important differences in the evolution of mass-weighted and light-weighted sizes
• The quiescent fraction of isolated low surface brightness galaxies: Observational constraints
• A New View of the Size-Mass Distribution of Galaxies: Using $r_{20}$ and $r_{80}$ instead of $r_{50}$
• Where are compact groups in the local Universe?
• The build-up of pseudobulges in a hierarchical universe
• Structural and Dynamical Properties of Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe: Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta
• Diagnosing DASH: A Catalog of Structural Properties for the COSMOS-DASH Survey
• Galaxy sizes and the galaxy-halo connection -- I: the remarkable tightness of the size distributions
• The formation of exponential disk galaxies in MOND
• Quiescent Galaxy Size and Spectroscopic Evolution: Combining HSC Imaging and Hectospec Spectroscopy
• Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter halo: insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• xGASS: The Impact of Photometric Bulges on the Scatter of HI Scaling Relations
• Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from Simulations and Observations
• The time evolution of the Milky Way's oxygen abundance gradient
• Defining the (Black Hole)-Spheroid Connection with the Discovery of Morphology-Dependent Substructure in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{sph}}$ Diagrams: New Tests for Advanced Theories and Realistic Simulations
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• Calibrated, cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with variable IMFs I: Method and effect on global galaxy scaling relations
• The Size-Mass relation at Rest-Frame $1.5\mu$m from JWST/NIRCam in the COSMOS-WEB and PRIMER-COSMOS fields
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: Automatic Morphological Classification of Galaxies Using Statistical Learning
• ProFuse: Physical Multi-Band Structural Decomposition of Galaxies and the Mass-Size-Age Plane
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Accurate number densities & environments of massive ultracompact galaxies at 0.02 < z < 0.3
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. IV. Properties of quiescent galaxies on the stellar mass$-$size plane
• The contribution of HI-bearing ultra-diffuse galaxies to the cosmic number density of galaxies
• GAMA+KiDS: Empirical correlations between halo mass and other galaxy properties near the knee of the stellar-to-halo mass relation
• Disky elliptical galaxies and the allegedly over-massive black hole in the compact massive `ES' galaxy NGC 1271
• VIS3COS: II. Nature and nurture in galaxy structure and morphology
• Size distribution of galaxies in SDSS DR7: weak dependence on halo environment
• Eddington's Demon: Inferring Galaxy Mass Functions and other Distributions from Uncertain Data
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Bulge-disk decomposition of KiDS data in the nearby universe
• The galaxy size - halo mass scaling relations and clustering properties of central and satellite galaxies
• The Intrinsic Scatter of Galaxy Scaling Relations
• GAlaxy Light profile convolutional neural NETworks (GaLNets). I. fast and accurate structural parameters for billion galaxy samples
• The SAMI galaxy survey: galaxy size can explain the offset between star-forming and passive galaxies in the mass-metallicity relationship
• The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
• Generating Synthetic Cosmological Data with GalSampler
• Morphological evolution and galactic sizes in the L-Galaxies SA model
• ZTF SN Ia DR2: Colour standardisation of Type Ia Supernovae and its dependence on environment
• The galaxy mass-size relation in CARLA clusters and proto-clusters at 1.4 < z < 2.8: larger cluster galaxy sizes
• Beyond Ultra-diffuse Galaxies. I. Mass--Size Outliers among the Satellites of Milky Way Analogs
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The Bright Void Galaxy Population in the Optical and Mid-IR
• Galaxy properties in the cosmic web of EAGLE simulation
• The structure of the Milky Way based on unWISE 3.4$\mu$m integrated photometry
• The Evolution of Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Compact molecular gas emission in local LIRGs among low- and high-z galaxies
• MaNGA galaxy properties -- I. An extensive optical, mid-infrared photometric, and environmental catalogue
• High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies are as Flat as Star Forming Galaxies: The Flattening of Galaxies and the Correlation with Structural Properties in CANDELS/3D-HST
• Clustering Constraints on the Relative Sizes of Central and Satellite Galaxies
• Improving Hickson-like compact group finders in redshift surveys: an implementation in the SDSS
• The $z\lesssim 1$ drop of cosmic dust abundance in a semi-analytic framework
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• MaNGA galaxy properties -- II. A detailed comparison of observed and simulated spiral galaxy scaling relations
• Reproducible $k$-means clustering in galaxy feature data from the GAMA survey
• Synergies between low- and intermediate-redshift galaxy populations revealed with unsupervised machine learning
• The evolutionary pathways of disk galaxies with different sizes
• The Nature of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• A Giant Disk Galaxy Two Billion Years After The Big Bang
• K-CLASH: spatially-resolving star-forming galaxies in field and cluster environments at $z\approx 0.2$-$0.6$
• The radial acceleration relation is a natural consequence of the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Stellar Mass Growth by Morphological Type since $z=1$
• Compact galaxies and the size-mass galaxy distribution from a colour-selected sample at 0.04 < z < 0.15 supplemented by ugrizYJHK photometric redshifts
• The Physical Origin of the Mass-Size Relation and Its Scatter of Disk Galaxies
• Intrinsic and extrinsic correlations of galaxy shapes and sizes in weak lensing data
• Analysis of the galaxy size versus stellar mass relation
• On the properties of compact groups identified in different photometric bands
• HST viewing of spectacular star-forming trails behind ESO 137-001
• The OTELO survey as a morphological probe. Last ten Gyr of galaxy evolution. The mass--size relation up to z=2
• The Coevolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies and Their Dark Matter Halos over the Last 6 Billion Years
• Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing in EAGLE: comparison with data from 180 square degrees of the KiDS and GAMA surveys
• OMEGA - OSIRIS Mapping of Emission-line Galaxies in A901/2: III. - Galaxy Properties Across Projected Phase Space in A901/2
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Compact groups from semi-analytical models of galaxy formation -- I: a comparative study of frequency and nature
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Gas Streaming and Dynamical M/L in Rotationally Supported Systems
• Denser Environments Cultivate Larger Galaxies: A Comprehensive Study beyond the Local Universe with 3 Million Hyper Suprime-Cam Galaxies
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The MaNGA Dwarf Galaxy Sample
• Empirical Evidence of Non-Minimally Coupled Dark Matter in the Dynamics of Local Spiral Galaxies?
• Revealing the quiescent galaxy population in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16 with deep HST/WFC3 slitless spectroscopy
• Bayesian fitting of multi-Gaussian expansion models to galaxy images
• An Effective Selection Method for Low-Mass Active Black Holes and First Spectroscopic Identification
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• Multiwavelength Bulge-Disk Decomposition for the Galaxy M81 (NGC 3031). I. Morphology
• Evolution of the Sérsic Index up to z=2.5 from JWST and HST
• Galaxy mass-size segregation in the cosmic web from the CAVITY parent sample
• The structural properties of nearby dwarf galaxies in low density environments -- size, surface brightness and colour gradients
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• Galaxy shapes in Magneticum. I. Connecting stellar and dark matter shapes to dynamical and morphological galaxy properties and the large-scale structure
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Frontier Fields I: Candidate Selection and the Discovery of Bursty Hα Emitters
• Characterizing the Conditional Galaxy Property Distribution using Gaussian Mixture Models
• The influence of Hickson-like compact group environment on galaxy luminosities
• A new fitting concept for the robust determination of Sérsic model parameters
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Stellar-to-Dynamical Mass Relation I. Constraining the Precision of Stellar Mass Estimates
• The ASTRID Simulation at z=0: From Massive Black Holes to Large-scale Structure
• Galaxy-halo size relation from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 and the ELUCID simulation
• The Bullseye: HST, Keck/KCWI, and Dragonfly Characterization of a Giant Nine-Ringed Galaxy
• Near-infrared characterization of ultra-diffuse galaxies in Abell 2744 by JWST/NIRISS imaging
• A Galactic Self-Portrait: Density Structure and Integrated Properties of the Milky Way Disk
• A Maximum Parsimony analysis of the effect of the environment on the evolution of galaxies
• UV and NIR size of the low-mass field galaxies: the UV compact galaxies
• Total and dark mass from observations of galaxy centers with Machine Learning
• Continuous Filament Network of the Local Universe
• A Morphology Catalog of Galaxies in CEERS: Evolution in the Size and Color Gradients of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• Self-Similar Buildup and Inside-Out Growth: Tracing the Evolution of Intermediate to High-Mass Star-Forming Galaxies Since $z=2$
• Environmental processing of galaxies in HI-rich groups
• UV and NIR size of the HI selected low surface brightness galaxies
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): First Data Release Covering The D10 (COSMOS) Region
• Constraints on dynamically-formed massive black holes in Little Red Dots from X-ray non-detections
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• The stellar mass - physical effective radius relation for dwarf galaxies in low-density environments
• Beyond diagnostic-diagrams: A critical exploration on the classification of ionization processes
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• The strange case of the peculiar spiral galaxy NGC5474. New pieces of a galactic puzzle
• Time-average properties of $z\sim 0.6$ major mergers: mergers significantly scatter high-z scaling relations
• The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G): Stellar Masses, Sizes and Radial Profiles for 2352 Nearby Galaxies
• Implications of a spatially resolved main sequence for the size evolution of star forming galaxies
• The stellar host in star-forming low-mass galaxies: Evidence for two classes
• Compact dust-obscured star-formation and the origin of the galaxy bimodality
• The Formation of Dwarf Galaxy Disks
• Dust removal timescale in galaxies across cosmic time
• The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). The complexity of galaxy populations at 0.4< z<1.3 revealed with unsupervised machine-learning algorithms
• Compact groups from semi-analytical models of galaxy formation -- VI: Evolution of the two first-ranked galaxies
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• The role of HI in regulating size growth of local galaxies
• From the Densest Clusters to the Emptiest Voids: No Evidence For Environmental Effects on the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at Low Redshift
• ESO 137-002: a large spiral undergoing edge-on ram-pressure stripping with little star formation in the tail
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• xGASS: characterizing the slope and scatter of the stellar mass - angular momentum relation for nearby galaxies
• Prospects for measuring the Doppler magnification dipole with LSST and DESI
• Star-forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA: fading spirals or rejuvenated S0s?
• Quantifying the Poor Purity and Completeness of Morphological Samples Selected by Galaxy Colour
• Everything Every Band All at Once I: A Global Morphology Catalog in Abell 2744 based on UNCOVER/MegaScience
• Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass-size relation in simulations with local observations
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical