Confirmation of the remarkable compactness of massive quiescent galaxies at z~2.3: early-type galaxies did not form in a simple monolithic collapse

Abstract

Using deep near-infrared spectroscopy Kriek et al. (2006) found that ~45% of massive galaxies at z~2.3 have evolved stellar populations and little or no ongoing star formation. Here we determine the sizes of these quiescent galaxies using deep, high-resolution images obtained with HST/NIC2 and laser guide star-assisted Keck/AO. Considering that their median stellar mass is 1.7x10^11 Solar masses the galaxies are remarkably small, with a median effective radius of 0.9 kpc. Galaxies of similar mass in the nearby Universe have sizes of ~5 kpc and average stellar densities which are two orders of magnitude lower than the z~2.3 galaxies. These results extend earlier work at z~1.5 and confirm previous studies at z>2 which lacked spectroscopic redshifts and imaging of sufficient resolution to resolve the galaxies. Our findings demonstrate that fully assembled early-type galaxies make up at most ~10% of the population of K-selected quiescent galaxies at z~2.3, effectively ruling out simple monolithic models for their formation. The galaxies must evolve significantly after z~2.3, through dry mergers or other processes, consistent with predictions from hierarchical models.

Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

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• The stellar halos of ETGs in the IllustrisTNG simulations: the photometric and kinematic diversity of galaxies at large radii
• Herschel-ATLAS: Modelling the first strong gravitational lenses
• What Are the Progenitors of Compact, Massive, Quiescent Galaxies at z=2.3? The Population of Massive Galaxies at z>3 from NMBS and CANDELS
• The Number Density of Quiescent Compact Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift
• Cosmological Zoom Simulations of z = 2 Galaxies: The Impact of Galactic Outflows
• Empirical constraints on the formation of early-type galaxies
• The mass, colour, and structural evolution of today's massive galaxies since z~5
• Optical/near-infrared selection of red QSOs: Evidence for steep extinction curves towards galactic centers?
• Sizes, Colour gradients and Resolved Stellar Mass Distributions for the Massive Cluster Galaxies in XMMUJ2235-2557 at z = 1.39
• The age dependence of the size-stellar mass relation and some implications
• The number density of superdense early-type galaxies at 1<z<2 and the local cluster galaxies
• Early-type galaxies in the PEARS survey: Probing the stellar populations at moderate redshift
• hCOSMOS: a dense spectroscopic survey of $r⩽21.3$ galaxies in the COSMOS field
• The stellar halos of ETGs in the IllustrisTNG simulations: II. Accretion, merger history, and dark halo connection
• A spectroscopic sample of massive, evolved z~2 galaxies: Implications for the evolution of the mass-size relation
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of an Ultra Massive and Compact Galaxy at z=3.35: A Detailed Look at an Early Progenitor of Local Most Massive Ellipticals
• MRK 1216 & NGC 1277 - An orbit-based dynamical analysis of compact, high velocity dispersion galaxies
• Early-type galaxies at z~1.3. IV. Scaling relations in different environments
• Low Gas Fractions Connect Compact Star-Forming Galaxies to their z ~ 2 Quiescent Descendants
• Beyond Spheroids and Discs: Classifications of CANDELS Galaxy Structure at 1.4 < z < 2 via Principal Component Analysis
• Gemini K-band NIRI Adaptive Optics Observations of Massive Galaxies at 1 < z < 2
• Globular Clusters and Dark Satellite Galaxies through the Stream Velocity
• Massive galaxies on the road to quenching: ALMA observations of powerful high redshift radio galaxies
• Weak Lensing Reveals a Tight Connection Between Dark Matter Halo Mass and the Distribution of Stellar Mass in Massive Galaxies
• The Formation of the massive galaxies in the SSA22 z=3.1 protocluster
• Velocity Dispersion, Size, Sérsic Index and $D_{n}4000$: The Scaling of Stellar Mass with Dynamical Mass for Quiescent Galaxies
• Abundance patterns in early-type galaxies: is there a 'knee' in the [Fe/H] vs. [alpha/Fe] relation?
• A near-infrared morphological comparison of high-redshift submm and radio galaxies: massive star-forming discs vs relaxed spheroids
• The size-star formation relation of massive galaxies at 1.5<z<2.5
• Gas Giants in Hot Water: Inhibiting Giant Planet Formation and Planet Habitability in Dense Star Clusters Through Cosmic Time
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: New evidence for a tidal interaction between the early type galaxies NGC 4365 and NGC 4342
• Erosion of Globular Cluster Systems: The Influence of Radial Anisotropy, Central Black Holes and Dynamical Friction
• A z=1.82 Analog of Local Ultra-massive Elliptical Galaxies
• On the formation of massive galaxies: A simultaneous study of number density, size and intrinsic colour evolution in GOODS
• UNCOVER: 404 Error -- Models Not Found for the Triply Imaged Little Red Dot A2744-QSO1
• Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Grism Spectroscopy and Imaging of a Growing Compact Galaxy at z=1.9
• The evolutionary sequence of sub-mm galaxies: from diffuse discs to massive compact ellipticals?
• Constraining the star formation and the assembly histories of normal and compact early-type galaxies at 1<z<2
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. II. Clumpy galaxies and compact star-forming galaxies
• Steepening mass profiles, dark matter and environment of X-ray bright elliptical galaxies
• Galaxy stability within a self-interacting dark matter halo
• Pathways to quiescence: SHARDS view on the Star Formation Histories of massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.5
• Climbing to the top of the galactic mass ladder: evidence for frequent prolate-like rotation among the most massive galaxies
• Sizes and ages of SDSS ellipticals: Comparison with hierarchical galaxy formation models
• The redshift and nature of AzTEC/COSMOS 1: A starburst galaxy at z=4.6
• Explaining the reportedly over-massive black holes in early-type galaxies with intermediate-scale discs
• Spiral-like star-forming patterns in CALIFA early-type galaxies
• Signatures of stellar accretion in MaNGA early-type galaxies
• Galaxy evolution from strong lensing statistics: the differential evolution of the velocity dispersion function in concord with the LambdaCDM paradigm
• Bottom-heavy initial mass function in a nearby compact L*-galaxy
• Dissipational versus Dissipationless Galaxy Formation and the Dark Matter Content of Galaxies
• Red nuggets grow inside-out: evidence from gravitational lensing
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: rotating compact star forming galaxies and the decomposition of integrated line widths
• How Massive are Massive Compact Galaxies?
• The Size Evolution of Passive Galaxies: Observations from the Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Program
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Stellar population radial gradients in early-type galaxies
• SXDF-ALMA 1.5 arcmin^2 deep survey. A compact dusty star-forming galaxy at z=2.5
• Origin of Star-Forming Rings around Massive Centres in Massive Galaxies at $z<4$
• Shallow Dark Matter Cusps in Galaxy Clusters
• From Diversity to Dichotomy, and Quenching: Milky-Way-Like and Massive-Galaxy Progenitors at 0.5<z<3.0
• Caught in the act: gas and stellar velocity dispersions in a fast quenching compact star-forming galaxy at z~1.7
• X-shooter Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of 15 Ultra Massive Quiescent Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$
• The Extremely High Dark Matter Halo Concentration of the Relic Compact Elliptical Galaxy Mrk 1216
• Clocking the formation of today's largest galaxies: Wide field integral spectroscopy of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and their surroundings
• Purely dry mergers do not explain the observed evolution of massive early-type galaxies since z = 1
• Morphology Dependence Of Stellar Age in Quenched Galaxies at Redshift ~ 1.2: Massive Compact Galaxies Are Older Than More Extended Ones
• HST grism spectroscopy of z~3 massive quiescent galaxies: Approaching the metamorphosis
• Stellar Populations in the Outer Halo of the Massive Elliptical M49
• The MASSIVE Survey - XII Connecting Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies to Kinematics and Environment
• On the central stellar mass density and the inside-out growth of early-type galaxies
• Galaxy sizes as a function of environment at intermediate redshift from the ESO Distant Cluster Survey
• Dozens of compact and high velocity-dispersion early-type galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A universal stellar-mass and size relation of galaxies in GOODS-N region
• Towards a comprehensive picture of powerful quasars, their host galaxies and quasar winds at z ~ 0.5
• The Mass Profile and Shape of Bars in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G): Search for an Age Indicator for Bars
• The Effect of Many Minor Mergers on the Size Growth of Compact Quiescent Galaxies
• The minor role of gas-rich major mergers in the rise of intermediate-mass early types at z <~ 1
• Measuring dynamical masses from gas kinematics in simulated high-redshift galaxies
• Redshift evolution of the dynamical properties of massive galaxies from SDSS-III/BOSS
• Satellite Quenching, Galaxy Inner Density and the Halo Environment
• The Incidence of Low-Metallicity Lyman-Limit Systems at z~3.5: Implications for the Cold-Flow Hypothesis of Baryonic Accretion
• The rocky road to quiescence: compaction and quenching of quasar host galaxies at z~2
• A Detection of the Environmental Dependence of the Sizes and Stellar Haloes of Massive Central Galaxies
• Shape Evolution of Massive Early-Type Galaxies: Confirmation of Increased Disk Prevalence at z>1
• A Compact Early-type Galaxy at z = 0.6 Under a Magnifying Lens: Evidence For Inside-out Growth
• One Plane for All: Massive Star-Forming and Quiescent Galaxies Lie on the Same Mass Fundamental Plane at z~0 and z~0.7
• The Stellar Haloes of Massive Elliptical Galaxies III: Kinematics at Large Radius
• CALIFA reveals Prolate Rotation in Massive Early-type Galaxies: A Polar Galaxy Merger Origin?
• The kinematics of massive quiescent galaxies at $1.4<z<2.1$: dark matter fractions, IMF variation, and the relation to local early-type galaxies
• Structure of Protocluster Galaxies: Accelerated Structural Evolution in Overdense Environments?
• Quiescent Galaxy Size and Spectroscopic Evolution: Combining HSC Imaging and Hectospec Spectroscopy
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: stellar population gradients of central galaxies
• The Environmental Dependence of the Luminosity-Size Relation for Galaxies
• Reconstructing the Assembly of Massive Galaxies. I: The Importance of the Progenitor Effect in the Observed Properties of Quiescent Galaxies at $z\approx 2$
• The Wide Area VISTA Extra-galactic Survey (WAVES)
• The rest-frame optical sizes of massive galaxies with suppressed star formation at $z\sim 4$
• The role of the most luminous, obscured AGN in galaxy assembly at z~2
• The Number Densities and Stellar Populations of Massive Galaxies at 3 < z < 6: A Diverse, Rapidly Forming Population in the Early Universe
• A New Automatic Method to Identify Galaxy Mergers I. Description and Application to the STAGES Survey
• An extremely dense group of massive galaxies at the centre of the protocluster at z = 3.09 in the SSA22 field
• The Evolutionary Pathways of Disk-, Bulge-, and Halo-dominated Galaxies
• A New Empirical Method to Infer the Starburst History of the Universe from Local Galaxy Properties
• Photometric properties and luminosity function of nearby massive early-type galaxies
• Compaction-Driven Black Hole Growth
• Reaching for the Edge I: Probing the Outskirts of Massive Galaxies with HSC, DECaLS, SDSS, and Dragonfly
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: V. Spatially resolved stellar kinematics of galaxies at redshift $0.2\lesssim z\lesssim 0.8$
• On the Shapes and Structures of High-Redshift Compact Galaxies
• Gravitational Potential and Surface Density Drive Stellar Populations -- II. Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Environment of Massive Quiescent Compact Galaxies at $0.1<z<0.4$ in the COSMOS Field
• Selection of massive evolved galaxies at $3\le z\le 4.5$ in the CANDELS fields
• Consistent dynamical and stellar masses with potential light IMF in massive quiescent galaxies at $3<z<4$ using velocity dispersions measurements with MOSFIRE
• The Rising Stellar Velocity Dispersion of M87 from Integrated Starlight
• Further constraining galaxy evolution models through the Size Function of SDSS Early-type galaxies
• The impact of AGN-driven winds on physical and observable galaxy sizes
• The abundance of compact quiescent galaxies since z ~ 0.6
• The halo of M49 and its environment as traced by planetary nebulae
• Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• Unbiased Differential Size Evolution and the Inside-Out Growth of Galaxies in the Deep CANDELS GOODS Fields at $1\le z\le 7$
• In and out star formation in z~1.5 quiescent galaxies from rest-frame UV spectroscopy and the far-infrared
• A preserved high-z compact progenitor in the heart of NGC3311 revealed with MUSE 2D stellar population analysis
• Compact, bulge dominated structures of spectroscopically confirmed quiescent galaxies at z~3
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. IV. Properties of quiescent galaxies on the stellar mass$-$size plane
• An isolated, compact early-type galaxy with a diffuse stellar component: merger origin?
• Automated Morphological Classification of SDSS Red Sequence Galaxies
• Disky elliptical galaxies and the allegedly over-massive black hole in the compact massive `ES' galaxy NGC 1271
• How Robust Are the Size Measurements of High-redshift Compact Galaxies?
• Star formation and quenching among the most massive galaxies at z~1.7
• VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). The distinct build-up of dense and normal massive passive galaxies
• Testing the presence of multiple photometric components in nearby early-type galaxies using SDSS
• A Fundamental Line for Elliptical Galaxies
• Submillimetre Detection of the z=2.83 Lyman-Break Galaxy, Westphal-MM8, and Implications for SCUBA2
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Excavating the fossil record of stellar populations in spiral galaxies
• Heavy dust obscuration of z=7 galaxies in a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation
• Massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3$: a comparison of selection, stellar population and structural properties with simulation predictions
• The Relation between Dynamical Mass-to-Light Ratio and Color for Massive Quiescent Galaxies out to z~2 and Comparison with Stellar Population Synthesis Models
• The interstellar medium and feedback in the progenitors of the compact passive galaxies at z~2
• SHARP -- VI. Evidence for CO (1-0) molecular gas extended on kpc-scales in AGN star forming galaxies at high redshift
• The imprint of dark matter haloes on the size and velocity dispersion evolution of early-type galaxies
• Compact Starburst Galaxies with Fast Outflows: Central Escape Velocities and Stellar Mass Surface Densities from Multi-band Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
• HST/WFC3 grism observations of $z\sim 1$ clusters: evidence for evolution in the mass-size relation of quiescent galaxies from poststarburst galaxies
• Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at $\mathrm{z}\sim 0.7$ Linked to Late Time Star Formation
• The Inside-out Growth of the Most Massive Galaxies at 0.3<z<0.9
• A Unique View of AGN-Driven Molecular Outflows: The Discovery of a Massive Galaxy Counterpart to a $z=2.4$ High-Metallicity Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Absorber
• HST/WFC3 Near-Infrared spectroscopy of quenched galaxies at z~1.5 from the WISP Survey: Stellar population properties
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) II - The Effect of Environment on the Structural Properties of Massive Cluster Galaxies at Redshift $1.39<z<1.61$
• The Hydra I cluster core. I. Stellar populations in the cD galaxy NGC 3311
• Scaling relations of cluster elliptical galaxies at z~1.3. Distinguishing luminosity and structural evolution
• Moderate Steepening of Galaxy Cluster Dark Matter Profiles by Baryonic Pinching
• The size-luminosity relation of lensed galaxies at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Ultramassive dense early-type galaxies: velocity dispersions and number density evolution since z=1.6
• Plain fundamentals of Fundamental Planes: Analytics and algorithms
• Stellar Velocity Dispersion for a Strongly-Lensed, Intermediate-Mass Quiescent Galaxy at z=2.8
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Companion Galaxies to z$\sim$6 Quasars
• Evidence for (and Against) Progenitor Bias in the Size Growth of Compact Red Galaxies
• The stellar mass - size relation for cluster galaxies at z=1 with high angular resolution from the Gemini/GeMS multi-conjugate adaptive optics system
• REQUIEM-2D: Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations from HST 2D Grism Spectroscopy
• Unveiling the nature of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation history
• What boost galaxy mergers in two massive galaxy protoclusters at z = 2.24
• Understanding the Unique Assembly History of Central Group Galaxies
• Optical-Near Infrared Color Gradients And Merging History Of Elliptical Galaxies
• GLaD: Gravitational Lensing and Dynamics, combined analysis to unveil properties of high-redshift galaxies
• Redshift Evolution of the Fundamental Plane Relation in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• A controlled study of cold dust content in galaxies from $z=0-2$
• Where do quasar hosts lie with respect to the size-mass relation of galaxies?
• The road to the red sequence: A detailed view of the formation of a massive galaxy at z~2
• A Strongly-Lensed Massive Ultra-Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z ~ 2.4 in the COSMOS/UltraVISTA Field
• The inner structure of very massive elliptical galaxies: implications for the inside-out formation mechanism of z~2 galaxies
• INSPIRE: INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics III. Second data release (DR2): testing the systematics on the stellar velocity dispersion
• The Lifetimes of Star Clusters Born with a Top-heavy IMF
• A Molecular Einstein Ring Toward the z=3.93 Submillimeter Galaxy MM18423+593
• An ALMA Gas-dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Local Compact Galaxy UGC 2698
• The mass budget for intermediate-mass black holes in dense star clusters
• The Impact of Outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei on Metals in and around Galaxies
• ALMA 1.3 mm Survey of Lensed Submillimeter Galaxies (SMGs) Selected by Herschel: Discovery of Spatially Extended SMGs and Implications
• Two Moderate-Redshift Analogs to Compact Massive Early-Type Galaxies at High Redshifts
• Surface Brightness Evolution of Galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS Fields up to $z\sim 6$: High-z Galaxies are Unique or Remain Undetected
• The hybrid solution for the Fundamental Plane
• Exploring Relations Between BCG \& Cluster Properties in the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources Survey from $0.05<z<0.3$
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• The massive dark halo of the compact, early-type galaxy NGC 1281
• Constraining Star Formation and AGN in z~2 Massive Galaxies using High Resolution MERLIN Radio Observations
• High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies are as Flat as Star Forming Galaxies: The Flattening of Galaxies and the Correlation with Structural Properties in CANDELS/3D-HST
• The Stellar Mass Fundamental Plane and Compact Quiescent Galaxies at z < 0.6
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• Compact E+A Galaxies as a Progenitor of Massive Compact Quiescent Galaxies at 0.2<z< 0.8
• Mass and size growth of early-type galaxies by dry mergers in cluster environments
• The changing circumgalactic medium over the last 10 Gyr I: physical and dynamical properties
• Evolution of the Gas Mass Fraction of Progenitors to Today's Massive Galaxies: ALMA Observations in the CANDELS GOODS-S Field
• Discovery of Nine Intermediate Redshift Compact Quiescent Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The half mass radius of MaNGA galaxies: Effect of IMF gradients
• MOIRCS Deep Survey. X. Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies as a Function of Stellar Mass at 0.5<z<2.5
• The structure of massive quiescent galaxies at z~3 in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• A tale of a rich cluster at z$\sim$0.8 as seen by the Star Formation Histories of its ETGs
• Gravitational orbits in the expanding universe revisited
• Powerful Radio-Loud Quasars are Triggered by Galaxy Mergers in the Cosmic Bright Ages
• Cosmological Simulations of Massive Compact High-z Galaxies
• A Search for Moderate-Redshift Survivors from the Population of Luminous Compact Passive Galaxies at High Redshift
• Evolution of Massive Galaxy Structural Properties and Sizes via Star Formation In the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim 5.2$
• The star formation history and the nature of the mass-metallicity relation of passive galaxies at 1.0<z<1.4 from VANDELS
• Imaging of Three Possible Low Redshift Analogs to High Redshift Compact Red Galaxies
• The Dearth of Difference between Central and Satellite Galaxies III. Environmental Dependence of Mass-Size and Mass-Structure Relations
• The Luminous X-Ray Halos of Two Compact Elliptical Galaxies
• Compact galaxies and the size-mass galaxy distribution from a colour-selected sample at 0.04 < z < 0.15 supplemented by ugrizYJHK photometric redshifts
• Compact Quiescent Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts
• On the limits of measuring the bulge and disk properties of local and high-redshift massive galaxies
• HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at $1.5<z<3.0$: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
• The evolution of radial gradients of MaNGA quiescent elliptical galaxies: inside-out quenching or outer mass growth?
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• The Mass-Radius Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 1.5-3.0
• Bimodal morphologies of massive galaxies at the core of a protocluster at z=3.09 and the strong size growth of a brightest cluster galaxy
• Color gradients reflect an inside-out growth in early-type galaxies of the cluster MACS J1206.2-0847
• Modelling the formation of today's massive ellipticals
• Witnessing an extreme, highly efficient galaxy formation mode with resolved Ly$\alpha$ and LyC emission
• JADES: Rest-frame UV-to-NIR Size Evolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Redshift z=5 to z=0.5
• The Coevolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies and Their Dark Matter Halos over the Last 6 Billion Years
• Defying jet-gas alignment in two radio galaxies at z~2 with extended light profiles: Similarities to brightest cluster galaxies
• The impact of carbon and oxygen abundances on the metal-poor initial mass function
• A Radio-to-millimeter Census of Star-forming Galaxies in Protocluster 4C~23.56 at z = 2.5 : Global and local gas kinematics
• How tidal erosion has shaped the relation between globular cluster specific frequency and galaxy luminosity
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• A Nearby Analog of z~2 Compact Quiescent Galaxies with a Rotating Disk
• The role of major gas-rich mergers on the evolution of galaxies from the blue cloud to the red sequence
• Optical emission lines in the most massive galaxies: morphology, kinematics and ionisation properties
• The Puzzling Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies in MaNGA
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) II: Structural Properties and Near-Infrared Morphologies of Faint Submillimeter Galaxies
• The supermassive black hole merger driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies
• Disentangling star formation and merger growth in the evolution of Luminous Red Galaxies
• Galaxy growth by merging in the nearby universe
• An In-Depth Study of the Abundance Pattern in the Hot Interstellar Medium in NGC 4649
• Fast Rotators at Cosmic Noon: Stellar Kinematics for 15 Quiescent Galaxies from JWST-SUSPENSE
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• The weak dependence of velocity dispersion on disk fractions, mass-to-light ratio and redshift: Implications for galaxy and black hole evolution
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) -- Environment-size relation of massive passive galaxies at 0.5 < z < 0.8
• The Size Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• The host galaxy of OJ 287 revealed by optical and near-infrared imaging
• Dynamical masses and non-homology of massive elliptical galaxies grown by dry mergers
• Dust Temperature of Compact Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 1-3$ in 3D-{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• The Fundamental Plane Relation of Early-Type Galaxies: Environmental Dependence
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• FIGS: Spectral fitting constraints on the star formation history of massive galaxies since Cosmic Noon
• Validation of PSF Models for HST and Other Space-Based Observations
• An HSC view of the CMASS galaxy sample. Halo mass as a function of stellar mass, size and Sérsic index
• Large Size Scatter of Passively Evolving Lensed Galaxies at z~2 in CLASH
• The coevolution of the velocity and mass functions of galaxies and dark haloes
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• The most massive galaxies in clusters are already fully grown at $z\sim 0.5$
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Size, shade or shape? The contribution of galaxies of different types to the star-formation history of the Universe from SDSS-IV MaNGA
• MOSEL and IllustrisTNG: Massive Extended Galaxies at z=2 Quench Later Than Normal-size Galaxies
• Smaller stellar disc scale lengths in rich environments
• Is there substructure around M87?
• What drives the corpulence of galaxies? I. The formation of central compact dwarf galaxies in TNG50
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• Early-type galaxies at intermediate redshift observed with HST WFC3: perspectives on recent star-formation
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• The fundamental plane of evolving red nuggets
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• COOL-LAMPS II. Characterizing the Size and Star Formation History of a Bright Strongly Lensed Early-Type Galaxy at Redshift 1.02
• The Space Density of Intermediate Redshift, Extremely Compact, Massive Starburst Galaxies
• Old and New Major Mergers in the SOSIMPLE galaxy, NGC 7135
• Secular evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters in decaying dark matter cosmology
• The relic galaxy NGC~1277 rules out intermediate-age stellar populations origin of CO-strong absorptions in massive early-type galaxies
• Where Have All the Little Red Dots Gone? Supermassive Black Hole Binary Dynamics and its Impact on Galaxy Properties
• MOIRCS Deep Survey V: A Universal Relation for Stellar Mass and Surface Brightness of Galaxies
• The evolution of galaxy sizes
• Bright Compact Bulges (BCBs) at intermediate redshifts
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. III. The stellar content of the quiescent galaxy population during the last $8$ Gyr
• The Fates of Merging Supermassive Black Holes and a Proposal for a New Class of X-Ray Sources
• A spectroscopically confirmed z=1.327 galaxy-scale deflector magnifying a z~8 Lyman-Break galaxy in the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies survey
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• Stellar and Black Hole Mass Densities as Empirical Tracers of Co-evolution Show Lock-step Growth since $z\sim 3$
• Local galaxies with compact cores as the possible descendants of massive compact quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• Use of spatial cross correlation function to study formation mechanism of massive elliptical galaxies
• Identifying clustering at high redshift through actively star-forming galaxies
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Satellites and central galaxies in SDSS: the influence of interactions on their properties
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• Even redder than we knew: color and $A_{\mathrm{V}}$ evolution up to $z=2.5$ from JWST/NIRCam photometry
• Identification and Quenching of Nugget Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey at z = 0
• Multi-band analysis of strong gravitationally lensed post-blue nugget candidates from the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• The spatially-resolved effect of mergers on the stellar mass assembly of MaNGA galaxies
• Dynamics of merging: Post-merger mixing and relaxation of an Illustris galaxy
• A Compact Group of Galaxies at z = 2.48 hosting an AGN-Driven Outflow
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• Instruments on large optical telescopes -- A case study
• What determines the maximum stellar surface density of galaxies?
• Linking Compact Dwarf Starburst Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey to Downsized Blue Nuggets
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2
• The outer halos of elliptical galaxies
• The Evolution of Advanced Merger (U)LIRGs on the Color-Stellar Mass Diagram
• Morphology and structure of extremely red objects at $z\sim 1$ in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• A SHARP Look at Quenching and Bulge-Disk Growth in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The Mitchell Spectrograph: Studying Nearby Galaxies with the VIRUS Prototype
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Reconstructing the mass accretion histories of nearby Red Nuggets with their globular cluster systems
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• Massive Neutrinos Promote the Size Growth of Early-Type Galaxies
• 58 Radio Sources Near Bright Natural Guide Stars
• A multimessenger view of galaxies and quasars from now to mid-century
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances
• Future prospects in observational galaxy evolution: towards increased resolution
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• An Extended, Physically Calibrated FP for Elliptical Galaxies
• The satellite population around luminous red galaxies in the 25 square degree DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Early Data Release
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result