The imprint of dark matter haloes on the size and velocity dispersion evolution of early-type galaxies

Abstract

Early-type galaxies (ETGs) are observed to be more compact, on average, at $z\gtrsim 2$ than at $z\simeq 0$, at fixed stellar mass. Recent observational works suggest that such size evolution could reflect the similar evolution of the host dark matter halo density as a function of the time of galaxy quenching. We explore this hypothesis by studying the distribution of halo central velocity dispersion (${\sigma }_0$) and half-mass radius ($r_{\mathrm{h}}$) as functions of halo mass $M$ and redshift $z$, in a cosmological $\Lambda$-CDM $N$-body simulation. In the range $0\lesssim z\lesssim 2.5$, we find ${\sigma }_0\propto M^{0.31-0.37}$ and $r_{\mathrm{h}}\propto M^{0.28-0.32}$, close to the values expected for homologous virialized systems. At fixed $M$ in the range $10^{11}{M}_{\odot }\lesssim M\lesssim 5.5\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$ we find ${\sigma }_0\propto (1+z{)}^{0.35}$ and $r_{\mathrm{h}}\propto (1+z{)}^{-0.7}$. We show that such evolution of the halo scaling laws is driven by individual haloes growing in mass following the evolutionary tracks ${\sigma }_0\propto M^{0.2}$ and $r_{\mathrm{h}}\propto M^{0.6}$, consistent with simple dissipationless merging models in which the encounter orbital energy is accounted for. We compare the $N$-body data with ETGs observed at $0\lesssim z\lesssim 3$ by populating the haloes with a stellar component under simple but justified assumptions: the resulting galaxies evolve consistently with the observed ETGs up to $z\simeq 2$, but the model has difficulty reproducing the fast evolution observed at $z\gtrsim 2$. We conclude that a substantial fraction of the size evolution of ETGs can be ascribed to a systematic dependence on redshift of the dark matter haloes structural properties.

15 pages, 14 figures, 1 table. Matches the Accepted version from MNRAS

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