Can Minor Merging Account for the Size Growth of Quiescent Galaxies? New Results from the CANDELS Survey

Abstract

The presence of extremely compact galaxies at z~2 and their subsequent growth in physical size has been the cause of much puzzlement. We revisit the question using deep infrared Wide Field Camera 3 data to probe the rest-frame optical structure of 935 host galaxies selected with 0.4<z<2.5 and stellar masses M* > 10^10.7 Msol using optical and near-infrared photometry in the UKIRT Ultra Deep Survey and GOODS-South fields of the CANDELS survey. At each redshift, the most compact sources are those with little or no star formation, and we find that the mean size of these systems grows by a factor of 3.5 +- 0.3 over this redshift interval. The new data are sufficiently deep to enable us to identify companions to these hosts whose stellar masses are ten times smaller, while still yielding suitably accurate photometric redshifts to define a likely physical association. By searching for faint companions around 404 quiescent hosts within a projected physical annulus 10 < R < 30 kpc/h, we estimate the minor merger rate over the redshift range 0.4 < z < 2. After correcting for contamination from projected pairs, we find that 13-18% of quiescent hosts have likely physical companions with stellar mass ratios of 0.1 or greater. Mergers of these companions will typically increase the host mass by 6+-2% per merger timescale. We estimate the minimum growth rate necessary to explain the declining abundance of compact galaxies. Using a simple model of merging motivated by recent numerical simulations, we then assess whether mergers of the faint companions with their hosts are sufficient to explain this minimal rate. We find that mergers with mass ratios > 0.1 may explain most of the size evolution observed at z >~ 1 if a relatively short merger timescale is assumed, but the rapid growth seen at higher redshift likely requires additional physical processes.

Accepted to ApJ. Updated following referee report, with expanded comparisons to published mass-size and pair fraction measurements (Figs. 4 and 9)

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• DAWN JWST Archive: Morphology from profile fitting of over 340 000 galaxies in major fields
• The structure of massive quiescent galaxies at z~3 in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• The evolution of compact massive quiescent and starforming galaxies derived from the $R_e-R_h$ and $M_{\mathrm{star}}-M_h$ relations
• The IMACS Cluster Building Survey: V. Further Evidence for Starburst Recycling from Quantitative Galaxy Morphologies
• The interacting nature of dwarf galaxies hosting superluminous supernovae
• VLT/X-Shooter Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of Gravitationally-Lensed z~2 Compact Quiescent Galaxies
• The role of quenching time in the evolution of the mass-size relation of passive galaxies from the WISP survey
• Characterizing the satellites of massive galaxies up to z~2: young populations to build the outskirts of nearby massive galaxies
• The cosmic epoch dependence of environmental effects on size evolution of red-sequence early-type galaxies
• The role of major mergers in the size growth of intermediate-mass spheroids
• The Dearth of Difference between Central and Satellite Galaxies III. Environmental Dependence of Mass-Size and Mass-Structure Relations
• On the limits of measuring the bulge and disk properties of local and high-redshift massive galaxies
• A comparison of the most massive quiescent galaxies from $z\sim 3$ to the present: slow evolution in size, and spheroid-dominated
• Stellar Kinematics and Environment at z~0.8 in the LEGA-C Survey: Massive, Slow-Rotators are Built First in Overdense Environments
• The XXL Survey: XXII. The XXL-North spectrophotometric sample and galaxy stellar mass function in X-ray detected groups and clusters
• Color gradients reflect an inside-out growth in early-type galaxies of the cluster MACS J1206.2-0847
• Modelling the formation of today's massive ellipticals
• HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at $1.5<z<3.0$: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: central starbursts and inside-out quenching govern galaxy sizes in the early Universe
• The Size-Mass Relation of Post-Starburst Galaxies in the Local Universe
• JADES: Rest-frame UV-to-NIR Size Evolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Redshift z=5 to z=0.5
• Massive spheroids can form in single minor mergers
• The fate of a red nugget: In-situ star formation of satellites around a massive compact galaxy
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Probing the merger histories of massive galaxies via stellar populations
• Serendipitous discovery of a massive cD galaxy at z=1.096: Implications for the early formation and late evolution of cD galaxies
• The Coevolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies and Their Dark Matter Halos over the Last 6 Billion Years
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• The Mass Growth and Stellar Ages of Galaxies: Observations versus Simulations
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) II: Structural Properties and Near-Infrared Morphologies of Faint Submillimeter Galaxies
• The host galaxy of the z=2.4 radio-loud AGN MRC 0406-244 as seen by HST
• Environmental impacts on the rest-frame UV size and morphology ofstar-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• The mass dependence of structure, star formation rate, and mass assembly mode at 0.5<z< 2.5
• The Puzzling Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies in MaNGA
• Size and Spectroscopic Evolution of HectoMAP Quiescent Galaxies
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Fast Rotators at Cosmic Noon: Stellar Kinematics for 15 Quiescent Galaxies from JWST-SUSPENSE
• Ages and metallicities of quiescent galaxies: confronting broadband ($UVJ$) colours with stellar absorption lines
• Age and metal gradients in massive quiescent galaxies at $0.6\lesssim z\lesssim 1.0$: implications for quenching and assembly histories
• Post-starburst galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA: Two broad categories of evolutionary pathways
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• The Fundamental Plane of cluster spheroidal galaxies at z$\sim 1.3$. Evidence for mass-dependent evolution
• The Size Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3-4$
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• Stellar Mass Profiles of Quiescent Galaxies in Different Environments at $z\sim 0$
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• The merger history of massive spheroids since z~1 is size independent
• RABBITS -- II. The impact of AGN feedback on coalescing supermassive black holes in disc and elliptical galaxy mergers
• Galaxy mass-size segregation in the cosmic web from the CAVITY parent sample
• Large Size Scatter of Passively Evolving Lensed Galaxies at z~2 in CLASH
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XII. Spatially Resolved Galaxy Star Formation Histories and True Evolutionary Paths at z > 1
• Color dependence of clustering of massive galaxies at 0.5$\le z\le$2.5: similar spatial distributions between green valley galaxies and AGNs
• Early-type galaxies at intermediate redshift observed with HST WFC3: perspectives on recent star-formation
• DESI Massive Post-Starburst Galaxies at $\mathbf{z}\sim 1.2$ have compact structures and dense cores
• The XXL survey. XLIX. Linking the members star formation histories to the cluster mass assembly in the z=1.98 galaxy cluster XLSSC 122
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• The Space Density of Intermediate Redshift, Extremely Compact, Massive Starburst Galaxies
• Searching for clues of past binary supermassive black hole mergers in nuclear star clusters
• A robust two-parameter description of the stellar profile of elliptical galaxies
• COOL-LAMPS II. Characterizing the Size and Star Formation History of a Bright Strongly Lensed Early-Type Galaxy at Redshift 1.02
• The dark matter halo masses of elliptical galaxies as a function of observationally robust quantities
• Probing the mass assembly of massive nearby galaxies with deep imaging
• Tracing Recent Star Formation of Red Early-type Galaxies out to $z$ $\sim$ 1
• Can galaxy growth be sustained through HI-rich minor mergers?
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• Evanescent Matter
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• The Evolution of Bulge-Dominated Field Galaxies from z~1 to the Present
• Evolution of massive quiescent galaxies via envelope accretion
• A spectroscopically confirmed z=1.327 galaxy-scale deflector magnifying a z~8 Lyman-Break galaxy in the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies survey
• Measuring Structural Parameters Through Stacking Galaxy Images
• A subarcsecond near-infrared view of massive galaxies at z > 1 with Gemini Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
• Use of spatial cross correlation function to study formation mechanism of massive elliptical galaxies
• The abundance of massive compact galaxies at $1.0<z<3.0$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Local galaxies with compact cores as the possible descendants of massive compact quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• Intrinsic correlations of galaxy sizes in a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation
• Identifying clustering at high redshift through actively star-forming galaxies
• Stellar population gradients at cosmic noon as a constraint to the evolution of passive galaxies
• Transforming galaxies with EASE: widespread structural changes enabled by short-lived spirals
• Multi-band analysis of strong gravitationally lensed post-blue nugget candidates from the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• The Gemini/HST Galaxy Cluster Project: Environment Effects on the Stellar Populations in the Lynx Clusters at z=1.27
• The effect of environment on the properties of the most massive galaxies at $0.5<z<2.5$ in the cosmos-dash field
• The size and mass evolution of the massive galaxies over cosmic time
• Cosmic evolution of gas content and accretion
• Implications of a spatially resolved main sequence for the size evolution of star forming galaxies
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2
• IAUS295 -- The Intriguing Life of Massive Galaxies: Introducing the Final Discussion
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• Structural evolution of quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts at UV and red rest-frame wavelengths
• Massive Neutrinos Promote the Size Growth of Early-Type Galaxies
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• The satellite population around luminous red galaxies in the 25 square degree DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Early Data Release
• Quiescent Galaxy Size, Velocity Dispersion, and Dynamical Mass Evolution
• Morphological Transformation and Star Formation Quenching of Massive Galaxies at 0.5 < z < 2.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size-stellar mass relation of early type galaxies in galaxy clusters