Star-forming blue ETGs in two newly discovered galaxy overdensities in the HUDF at z=1.84 and 1.9: unveiling the progenitors of passive ETGs in cluster cores

Abstract

We present the discovery of two galaxy overdensities in the Hubble Space Telescope UDF: a proto-cluster, HUDFJ0332.4-2746.6 at $z=1.84\pm 0.01$, and a group, HUDFJ0332.5-2747.3 at $z=1.90\pm 0.01$. Assuming viralization, the velocity dispersion of HUDFJ0332.4-2746.6 implies a mass of $M_{200}=(2.2\pm 1.8)\times 10^{14}{M}_{\odot }$, consistent with the lack of extended X-ray emission. Neither overdensity shows evidence of a red sequence. About $50\%$ of their members show interactions and/or disturbed morphologies, which are signatures of merger remnants or disk instability. Most of their ETGs have blue colors and show recent star-formation. These observations reveal for the first time large fractions of spectroscopically confirmed star-forming blue ETGs in proto-clusters at $z\approx 2$. These star-forming ETGs are most likely among the progenitors of the quiescent population in clusters at more recent epochs. Their mass-size relation is consistent with that of passive ETGs in clusters at $z\sim 0.7-1.5$. If these galaxies are the progenitors of cluster ETGs at these lower redshifts, their size would evolve according to a similar mass-size relation. It is noteworthy that quiescent ETGs in clusters at $z=1.8-2$ also do not show any significant size evolution over this redshift range, contrary to field ETGs. The ETG fraction is $\lesssim 50\%$, compared to the typical quiescent ETG fraction of $\approx 80\%$ in cluster cores at $z<1$. The fraction, masses, and colors of the newly discovered ETGs imply that other cluster ETGs will be formed/accreted at a later time.

arXiv comment33 pages, 13 figures. ApJ, in press

References in corpus (126)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• Detailed Decomposition of Galaxy Images. II. Beyond Axisymmetric Models
• Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT Legacy Survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology
• The Photometric Performance and Calibration of the HST Advanced Camera For Surveys
• Galaxy Groups in the SDSS DR4: I. The Catalogue and Basic Properties
• Euclid Definition Study Report
• The Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Environmental Effects on Late-Type Galaxies in Nearby Clusters
• The Relationship Between Stellar Light Distributions of Galaxies and their Formation Histories
• Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies
• 3D-HST: A wide-field grism spectroscopic survey with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Assembly between 0.2<z<2 from the S-COSMOS survey
• A New Method For Galaxy Cluster Detection I: The Algorithm
• A Large Structure of Galaxies At Redshift z~3 and its Cosmological Implications
• The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
• Structural Parameters of Galaxies in CANDELS
• UV Luminosity Functions from 132 z~7 and z~8 Lyman-Break Galaxies in the ultra-deep HUDF09 and wide-area ERS WFC3/IR Observations
• CANDELS Multi-wavelength Catalogs: Source Detection and Photometry in the GOODS-South Field
• The Abundance of Star-Forming Galaxies in the Redshift Range 8.5 to 12: New Results from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign
• Properties of Dark Matter Haloes in Clusters, Filaments, Sheets and Voids
• Can Minor Merging Account for the Size Growth of Quiescent Galaxies? New Results from the CANDELS Survey
• Evolution of the cosmic web
• The Morphology - Density Relation in z ~ 1 Clusters
• Virial Scaling of Massive Dark Matter Halos: Why Clusters Prefer a High Normalization Cosmology
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever
• The Evolution of Dark Matter Halo Properties in Clusters, Filaments, Sheets and Voids
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Role of Galaxy Environment in the Cosmic Star-Formation History
• Measuring the Redshift Evolution of Clustering: the Hubble Deep Field South
• A Spitzer-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z=1.62
• Clusters of Galaxies in the First Half of the Universe from the IRAC Shallow Survey
• The Average Mass Profile of Galaxy Clusters
• The relation between velocity dispersion and mass in simulated clusters of galaxies: dependence on the tracer and the baryonic physics
• Galaxy Clusters around radio-loud AGN at 1.3 < z < 3.2 as seen by Spitzer
• Reversal of Fortune: Confirmation of an Increasing Star Formation-Density Relation in a Cluster at z=1.62
• The Era of Star Formation in Galaxy Clusters
• The Spitzer Deep, Wide-Field Survey
• Revisiting the Hubble sequence in the SDSS DR7 spectroscopic sample: a publicly available bayesian automated classification
• A mature cluster with X-ray emission at z=2.07
• Protoclusters associated with z > 2 radio galaxies. I. Characteristics of high redshift protoclusters
• The Rise and Fall of Passive Disk Galaxies: Morphological Evolution Along the Red Sequence Revealed by COSMOS
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Rich z=1.80 Galaxy Cluster JKCS 041 Using the WFC3 Grism: Environmental Trends in the Ages and Structure of Quiescent Galaxies
• Evolution of Galaxies and their Environments at z = 0.1 to 3 in COSMOS
• The DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Impact of Environment on the Size Evolution of Massive Early-type Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift
• Evolution of the Color-Magnitude Relation in Galaxy Clusters at z ~1 from the ACS Intermediate Redshift Cluster Survey
• The First Appearance of the Red Sequence of Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at 2<~z<~3
• CANDELS+3D-HST: compact SFGs at z~2-3, the progenitors of the first quiescent galaxies
• Superdense galaxies and the mass-size relation at low redshift
• The 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF12): Observational Overview
• Red Nuggets at High Redshift: Structural Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies Over 10 Gyr of Cosmic History
• The Redshift and Mass Dependence on the Formation of The Hubble Sequence at z>1 from CANDELS/UDS
• IDCS J1426+3508: Discovery of a Massive, IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.75
• CANDELS Observations of the Structural Properties and Evolution of Galaxies in a Cluster at z=1.62
• Size Evolution of Spheroids in a Hierarchical Universe
• The Spiderweb galaxy: a forming massive cluster galaxy at z~2
• The Morphological Content of Ten EDisCS Clusters at 0.5 < z < 0.8
• CANDELS Visual Classifications: Scheme, Data Release, and First Results
• The evolution of the mass-size relation for early type galaxies from z~1 to the present: dependence on environment, mass-range and detailed morphology
• Galaxy evolution in overdense environments at high redshift: passive early-type galaxies in a cluster at redshift 2
• Formation epochs, star formation histories and sizes of massive early-type galaxies in cluster and field environments at z=1.2: insights from the rest-frame UV
• Discovery of a Rich Cluster at z = 1.63 using the Rest-Frame 1.6um "Stellar Bump Sequence" Method
• The spectroscopically confirmed X-ray cluster at z=1.62 with a possible companion in the Subaru/XMM-Newton deep field
• Cluster Galaxy Dynamics and the Effects of Large Scale Environment
• A large population of 'Lyman-break' galaxies in a protocluster at redshift z=4.1
• H-alpha emitters in z~2 proto-clusters: evidence for faster evolution in dense environments
• GMASS ultradeep spectroscopy of galaxies at z~2 - VII. Sample selection and spectroscopy
• JKCS041: a Coma cluster progenitor at z=1.803
• The L_X--M relation of Clusters of Galaxies
• Fast evolving size of early-type galaxies at z>2 and the role of dissipationless (dry) merging
• WFC3 grism confirmation of the distant cluster Cl J1449+0856 at z=2.00: Quiescent and star-forming galaxy populations
• On The Assembly History of Dark Matter Haloes
• Evolution of the Color-Magnitude relation in High-Redshift Clusters: Early-type Galaxies in the Lynx Supercluster at z~1.26
• JKCS041: a colour-detected galaxy cluster at z_phot=1.9 with deep potential well as confirmed by X-ray data
• The Mid-Infrared Environments of High-Redshift Radio Galaxies
• Larger sizes of massive quiescent early-type galaxies in clusters than in the field at 0.8 < z < 1.5
• Evidence for a correlation between the sizes of quiescent galaxies and local environment to z ~ 2
• UVUDF: Ultraviolet Imaging of the Hubble Ultradeep Field with Wide-field Camera 3
• Predicting Future Space Near-IR Grism Surveys using the WFC3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallels Survey
• The X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J1007.4+1237 at z=1.56 - The dawn of starburst activity in cluster cores
• Evolution of the Color-Magnitude Relation in High-Redshift Clusters: Blue Early-Type Galaxies and Red Pairs in RDCS J0910+5422
• No evidence for a dependence of the mass size relation of early-type galaxies on environment in the local Universe
• KECK/MOSFIRE spectroscopic confirmation of a Virgo-like cluster ancestor at z=2.095
• The stellar mass-size relation for the most isolated galaxies in the local Universe
• The galaxy stellar mass function and its evolution with time show no dependence on global environment
• IDCS J1433.2+3306: An IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.89
• CANDELS Observations of the Environmental Dependence of the Color-Mass-Morphology Relation at z = 1.6
• Discovery of a massive X-ray luminous galaxy cluster at z=1.579
• The Formation Histories of Galaxy Clusters
• The evolution of the star formation activity per halo mass up to redshift ~ 1.6 as seen by Herschel
• Properties of star-forming galaxies in a cluster and its surrounding structure at z=1.46
• Assembly of the Red Sequence in Infrared-Selected Galaxy Clusters from the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey
• IDCS J1426.5+3508: Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Measurement of a Massive IR-selected Cluster at z=1.75
• Early-type galaxies at z = 1.3. I. The Lynx supercluster: cluster and groups at z=1.3. Morphology and color-magnitude relation
• The XXL Survey V: Detection of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect of the Redshift 1.9 Galaxy Cluster XLSSU J021744.1-034536 with CARMA
• Witnessing the assembly at z=1.6 of a galaxy cluster (GMASS ultradeep spectroscopy of galaxies at z~2 - V)
• Early-type galaxies at z~1.3. IV. Scaling relations in different environments
• Evolution of blue E/S0 galaxies from z~1: merger remnants or disk rebuilding galaxies?
• Star formation in the cluster CLG0218.3-0510 at z=1.62 and its large-scale environment: the infrared perspective
• A large scale structure traced by [OII] emitters hosting a distant cluster at z=1.62
• A Comprehensive Study of Large Scale Structures in the GOODS-SOUTH Field up to z \sim 2.5
• The relationship between star formation rates, local density and stellar mass up to z ~ 3 in the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• Reversal or no reversal: the evolution of the star formation rate-density relation up to z~1.6
• An X-ray Detected Group of Quiescent Early-type Galaxies at z=1.6 in the Chandra Deep Field South
• A Photometrically Detected Forming Cluster of Galaxies at Redshift 1.6 in the GOODS Field
• Red sequence determination of the redshift of the cluster of galaxies JKCS041: z~2.2
• Optical Spectroscopy of Distant Red Galaxies
• A robust morphological classification of high-redshift galaxies using support vector machines on seeing limited images. II. Quantifying morphological k-correction in the COSMOS field at 1<z<2: Ks band vs. I band
• Relaxation of a Collisionless System and the Transition to a New Equilibrium Velocity Distribution
• Measures of Galaxy Environment - III. Difficulties in identifying proto-clusters at z ~ 2
• Three candidate clusters of galaxies at redshift ~1.8: the "missing link" between protoclusters and local clusters?
• Galaxies in X-ray Groups. III. Satellite Color and Morphology Transformations
• An X-ray underluminous cluster of galaxies in the 4Ms CDFS observations
• Serendipitous discovery of a massive cD galaxy at z=1.096: Implications for the early formation and late evolution of cD galaxies
• WFIRST Science with a Probe Class Mission

Cited by in corpus (34)

• Planck 2015 results. XXVII. The Second Planck Catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich Sources
• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• UVUDF: Ultraviolet Through Near-infrared Catalog and Photometric Redshifts of Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Star Formation and AGN Activity in Galaxy Clusters from $z=1-2$: a Multi-wavelength Analysis Featuring $Herschel$/PACS
• Massive post-starburst galaxies at z > 1 are compact proto-spheroids
• $HST$ Grism Confirmation of $16$ Structures at $1.4<z<2.8$ from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) Survey
• ZFIRE: Galaxy Cluster Kinematics, H$\alpha$ Star Formation Rates, and Gas-Phase Metallicities of XMM-LSS J02182-05102 at z=1.6233
• Merger driven star-formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z=1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA
• Planck intermediate results. XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed by Herschel-SPIRE
• HST Grism Confirmation of Two $z\sim 2$ Structures from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) Survey
• The Ages of Passive Galaxies in a z=1.62 Protocluster
• Cosmic Vine: A z=3.44 large-scale structure hosting massive quiescent galaxies
• The Science Case for Multi-Object Spectroscopy on the European ELT
• J-PLUS: Unveiling the brightest-end of the Lyα luminosity function at 2.0<z<3.3 over 1000 deg^2
• An high definition view of the COSMOS Wall at z~0.73
• VIS3COS: II. Nature and nurture in galaxy structure and morphology
• The Evolution of Star Formation Activity in Cluster Galaxies Over $0.15<z<1.5$
• Planck intermediate results. XXXIX. The Planck list of high-redshift source candidates
• Euclid preparation III. Galaxy cluster detection in the wide photometric survey, performance and algorithm selection
• Galaxy clusters and groups in the ALHAMBRA Survey
• The galaxy mass-size relation in CARLA clusters and proto-clusters at 1.4 < z < 2.8: larger cluster galaxy sizes
• Differences in the structural properties and star-formation rates of field and cluster galaxies at z~1
• The Environment of z >1 3CR Radio Galaxies and QSOs: From Proto-Clusters to Clusters of Galaxies?
• Satellite content and quenching of star formation in galaxy groups at z~1.8
• Emission line selected galaxies at $z=0.6-2$ in GOODS South: Stellar masses, SFRs, and large scale structure
• The abundance and colours of galaxies in high redshift clusters in the cold dark matter cosmology
• Massive molecular gas reservoir around the central AGN in the CARLA J1103+3449 cluster at z=1.44
• Multiple AGN activity during the BCG assembly of XDCPJ0044.0-2033 at z~1.6
• Spectrophotometric Redshifts In The Faint Infrared Grism Survey: Finding Overdensities Of Faint Galaxies
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Deep optical imaging of star-forming blue early-type galaxies: Color map structures and faint features indicative of recent mergers
• YOLO-CL cluster detection in the Rubin/LSST DC2 simulation
• Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The evolution of the passive-density and morphology-density relations between $z=0.25$ and $z=1$