A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09

Abstract

We report a massive quiescent galaxy at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}=3.0922_{-0.004}^{+0.008}$ spectroscopically confirmed at a protocluster in the SSA22 field by detecting the Balmer and Ca {\footnotesize II} absorption features with multi-object spectrometer for infrared exploration (MOSFIRE) on the Keck I telescope. This is the most distant quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster to date. We fit the optical to mid-infrared photometry and spectrum simultaneously with spectral energy distribution (SED) models of parametric and nonparametric star formation histories (SFH). Both models fit the observed SED well and confirm that this object is a massive quiescent galaxy with the stellar mass of $\log ({\mathrm{M}}_{\star }/{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot })=11.26_{-0.04}^{+0.03}$ and $11.54_{-0.00}^{+0.03}$, and star formation rate of $SFR/{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}<0.3$ and $=0.01_{-0.01}^{+0.03}$ for parametric and nonparametric models, respectively. The SFH from the former modeling is described as an instantaneous starburst while that of the latter modeling is longer-lived but both models agree with a sudden quenching of the star formation at $\sim 0.6$ Gyr ago. This massive quiescent galaxy is confirmed in an extremely dense group of galaxies predicted as a progenitor of a brightest cluster galaxy formed via multiple mergers in cosmological numerical simulations. We newly find three plausible [O III]$\lambda$5007 emitters at $3.0791\le z_{\mathrm{spec}}\le 3.0833$ happened to be detected around the target. Two of them just between the target and its nearest massive galaxy are possible evidence of their interactions. They suggest the future strong size and stellar mass evolution of this massive quiescent galaxy via mergers.

arXiv comment13 pages, 7 figures (in main text. 21 pages including appendices), accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (102)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• dynesty: A Dynamic Nested Sampling Package for Estimating Bayesian Posteriors and Evidences
• The Host Galaxies and Classification of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• A Simple Model for the Absorption of Starlight by Dust in Galaxies
• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• Improving the full spectrum fitting method: accurate convolution with Gauss-Hermite functions
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• Formation of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift: Cold Streams, Clumpy Disks and Compact Spheroids
• On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback From Momentum-Driven Winds
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• Minor mergers and the size evolution of elliptical galaxies
• Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample
• Passively Evolving Early-type Galaxies at 1.4<z<2.5 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The Dust Opacity of Star-Forming Galaxies
• AGN Dusty Tori: II. Observational Implications of Clumpiness
• Confirmation of the remarkable compactness of massive quiescent galaxies at z~2.3: early-type galaxies did not form in a simple monolithic collapse
• Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• AGN Dusty Tori: I. Handling of Clumpy Media
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• A Large Structure of Galaxies At Redshift z~3 and its Cosmological Implications
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• How to Measure Galaxy Star Formation Histories II: Nonparametric Models
• The Relation Between Compact, Quiescent High Redshift Galaxies and Massive Nearby Elliptical Galaxies: Evidence for Hierarchical, Inside-Out Growth
• Deriving Physical Properties from Broadband Photometry with Prospector: Description of the Model and a Demonstration of its Accuracy Using 129 Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Wet Disc Contraction to Galactic Blue Nuggets and Quenching to Red Nuggets
• The Dust Attenuation Law in Distant Galaxies: Evidence for Variation with Spectral Type
• IRAC Mid-Infrared Imaging of the Hubble Deep Field South: Star Formation Histories and Stellar Masses of Red Galaxies at z>2
• Virial Scaling of Massive Dark Matter Halos: Why Clusters Prefer a High Normalization Cosmology
• On the Origin of [OII] Emission in Red Sequence and Post-starburst Galaxies
• Sub-millimeter galaxies as progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies
• The Formation of Massive, Compact Galaxies at z=2 in the Illustris Simulation
• A universal structural and star-forming relation since $z\sim 3$: connecting compact star-forming and quiescent galaxies
• The dramatic size evolution of elliptical galaxies and the quasar feedback
• Near infrared spectroscopy and star-formation histories of 3<z<4 quiescent galaxies
• MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of Quiescent Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5. II - Star Formation Histories and Galaxy Quenching
• A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3
• Quiescent galaxies 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang and their progenitors
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• The bolometric luminosity of type 2 AGN from extinction-corrected [OIII]: no evidence for Eddington-limited sources
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: ALMA resolves the bright-end of the sub-millimeter number counts
• The First Appearance of the Red Sequence of Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at 2<~z<~3
• Gas filaments of the cosmic web located around active galaxies in a proto-cluster
• Quiescent Galaxies in the 3D-HST Survey: Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Large Number of Galaxies with Relatively Old Stellar Populations at z~2
• Stellar populations from spectroscopy of a large sample of quiescent galaxies at z > 1: Measuring the contribution of progenitor bias to early size growth
• High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies: Angular Momentum and Baryon Fraction, Turbulent Pressure Effects and the Origin of Turbulence
• Cosmic Evolution of Size and Velocity Dispersion for Early Type Galaxies
• ISM excitation and metallicity of star-forming galaxies at z~3.3 from near-IR spectroscopy
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Spectroscopic redshifts
• Dense cores in galaxies out to z=2.5 in SDSS, UltraVISTA, and the five 3D-HST/CANDELS fields
• Galaxy evolution in overdense environments at high redshift: passive early-type galaxies in a cluster at redshift 2
• The Progenitors of the Compact Early-Type Galaxies at High-Redshift
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: A concentration of dusty starbursts in a z=3.09 protocluster core
• Large-scale Filamentary Structure around the Protocluster at Redshift z=3.1
• Assessing Radiation Pressure as a Feedback Mechanism in Star-Forming Galaxies
• The diverse evolutionary paths of simulated high-z massive, compact galaxies to z=0
• Mergers, Starbursts, and Quenching in the Simba Simulation
• The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Evidence for an Enhancement in the AGN Activity in the SSA22 Protocluster at z = 3.09
• Spatial correlation between submillimetre and Lyman-alpha galaxies in the SSA 22 protocluster
• GOLDRUSH. III. A Systematic Search of Protoclusters at $z\sim 4$ Based on the $>100\mathrm{de}{\mathrm{g}}^2$ Area
• The Massive Ancient Galaxies At $z>3$ NEar-infrared (MAGAZ3NE) Survey: Confirmation of Extremely Rapid Star-Formation and Quenching Timescales for Massive Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Jekyll & Hyde: quiescence and extreme obscuration in a pair of massive galaxies 1.5 Gyr after the Big Bang
• An Extremely Massive Quiescent Galaxy at $z=3.493$: Evidence of Insufficiently Rapid Quenching Mechanisms in Theoretical Models
• Witnessing the birth of the red sequence: ALMA high-resolution imaging of [CII] and dust in two interacting ultra-red starbursts at z = 4.425
• WFC3 grism confirmation of the distant cluster Cl J1449+0856 at z=2.00: Quiescent and star-forming galaxy populations
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Source Catalog and Number Counts
• Stellar Velocity Dispersion of a Massive Quenching Galaxy at z=4.01
• Hidden in plain sight: a massive, dusty starburst in a galaxy protocluster at z=5.7 in the COSMOS field
• Panoramic Survey of Lyman α Emitters at z=3.1
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• The Origin of [OII] in Post-Starburst and Red-Sequence Galaxies in High-Redshift Clusters
• The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Point-Source Catalogs for a 400 ks Observation of the z = 3.09 Protocluster in SSA22
• The Nascent Red Sequence at z~2
• KMOS-3D Reveals Low-Level Star Formation Activity in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at 0.7 < z < 2.7
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• AzTEC/ASTE 1.1 mm survey of SSA22: Counterpart identification and photometric redshift survey of submillimeter galaxies
• Optical and near-IR spectroscopy of candidate red galaxies in two z~2.5 proto-clusters
• Low Gas Fractions Connect Compact Star-Forming Galaxies to their z ~ 2 Quiescent Descendants
• Rapid early coeval star formation and assembly of the most massive galaxies in the universe
• The Formation of the massive galaxies in the SSA22 z=3.1 protocluster
• Star-forming blue ETGs in two newly discovered galaxy overdensities in the HUDF at z=1.84 and 1.9: unveiling the progenitors of passive ETGs in cluster cores
• NIR spectroscopic observation of massive galaxies in the protocluster at z = 3.09
• Ubiquitous Molecular Outflows in z > 4 Massive, Dusty Galaxies II. Momentum-Driven Winds Powered by Star Formation in the Early Universe
• The red sequence at birth in the galaxy cluster ClJ1449+0856 at z=2
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Survey Design and Source Catalog of a 20 arcmin^2 Survey at 1.1mm
• Passive galaxies in the early Universe: ALMA confirmation of z~3-5 candidates in the CANDELS GOODS-South field
• The rest-frame optical sizes of massive galaxies with suppressed star formation at $z\sim 4$
• An extremely dense group of massive galaxies at the centre of the protocluster at z = 3.09 in the SSA22 field
• Compact, bulge dominated structures of spectroscopically confirmed quiescent galaxies at z~3
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• Planck far-infrared detection of Hyper Suprime-Cam protoclusters at $\mathbf{z}\sim 4$: hidden AGN and star formation activity
• The UV Luminosity Function of Protocluster Galaxies at $z\sim 4$: the Bright-end Excess and the Enhanced Star Formation Rate Density
• Passive galaxies as tracers of cluster environments at z~2
• A detailed study of massive galaxies in a protocluster at z=3.13
• Compact Star-Forming Galaxies as Old Starbursts Becoming Quiescent
• Recent Star-formation in a Massive Slowly-Quenched Lensed Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.88
• Bimodal morphologies of massive galaxies at the core of a protocluster at z=3.09 and the strong size growth of a brightest cluster galaxy
• A low [CII]/[NII] ratio in the center of a massive galaxy at z=3.7: witnessing the transition to quiescence at high-redshift?

Cited by in corpus (7)

• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• The Young and the Wild: What happens to Protoclusters forming at z = 4?
• An ancient massive quiescent galaxy found in a gas-rich z ~ 3 group
• Massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3$: a comparison of selection, stellar population and structural properties with simulation predictions
• COSMOS2020: Identification of High-z Protocluster Candidates in COSMOS
• The XXL survey. XLIX. Linking the members star formation histories to the cluster mass assembly in the z=1.98 galaxy cluster XLSSC 122
• A Search for Massive Galaxy Population in a Protocluster of LAEs at $z=2.39$ near the Radio Galaxy 53W002