A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34

Abstract

Massive present-day early-type (elliptical and lenticular) galaxies probably gained the bulk of their stellar mass and heavy elements through intense, dust-enshrouded starbursts - that is, increased rates of star formation - in the most massive dark matter halos at early epochs. However, it remains unknown how soon after the Big Bang such massive starburst progenitors exist. The measured redshift distribution of dusty, massive starbursts has long been suspected to be biased low in redshift owing to selection effects, as confirmed by recent findings of systems out to redshift z~5. Here we report the identification of a massive starburst galaxy at redshift 6.34 through a submillimeter color-selection technique. We unambiguously determined the redshift from a suite of molecular and atomic fine structure cooling lines. These measurements reveal a hundred billion solar masses of highly excited, chemically evolved interstellar medium in this galaxy, which constitutes at least 40% of the baryonic mass. A "maximum starburst" converts the gas into stars at a rate more than 2,000 times that of the Milky Way, a rate among the highest observed at any epoch. Despite the overall downturn of cosmic star formation towards the highest redshifts, it seems that environments mature enough to form the most massive, intense starbursts existed at least as early as 880 million years after the Big Bang.

arXiv comment35 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables, including Supplementary Information (version formatted by the authors). To appear in Nature. Under press embargo until 18:00 London time/13:00 US Eastern Time on 17 April 2013

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• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies III. Environments
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: dust attenuation curves at z=4.4-5.5
• Galaxy formation in the PLANCK cosmology - III. The high-redshift universe
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of dust continuum and CO emission lines of cluster-lensed submillimetre galaxies at z=2.0-4.7
• Imaging the Molecular Interstellar Medium in a Gravitationally Lensed Star-forming Galaxy at z=5.7
• Molecular gas in distant galaxies from ALMA studies
• HerMES: Spectral Energy Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at z >4
• Co-evolution of Extreme Star Formation and Quasar: hints from {\it Herschel} and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Radiative properties of the first galaxies: rapid transition between blue and red
• Close-up view of a luminous star-forming galaxy at z=2.95
• Star formation and black hole growth at z=4.8
• The EDIBLES survey IV. Cosmic ray ionization rates in diffuse clouds from near-ultraviolet observations of interstellar OH${}^{+}$
• $JWST$ Insight Into a Lensed $HST$-dark Galaxy and its Quiescent Companion at $z=2.58$
• The Period-Luminosity Relations of Red Supergiants in M33 and M31
• A High-Resolution Investigation of the Multi-Phase ISM in a Galaxy during the First Two Billion Years
• Ultra-Red Galaxies Signpost Candidate Proto-Clusters at High Redshift
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field: The extent of the radio-emitting region revealed by 3 GHz imaging with the Very Large Array
• Radio and Far-IR Emission Associated with a Massive Star-forming Galaxy Candidate at z$\simeq$6.8: A Radio-Loud AGN in the Reionization Era?
• VALES: II. The physical conditions of interstellar gas in normal star-forming galaxies up to z=0.2 revealed by ALMA
• Probing the existence of a rich galaxy overdensity at z=5.2
• Active Galactic Nucleus Environments and Feedback to Neighboring Galaxies at $z\sim 5$ Probed by Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• The need for obscured supermassive black hole growth to explain quasar proximity zones in the epoch of reionization
• A multi-wavelength exploration of the [CII]/IR ratio in H-ATLAS/GAMA galaxies out to z=0.2
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• Tracing cool molecular gas and star formation on $\sim 100$pc scales within a $z=2.3$ galaxy
• Far-infrared spectroscopy of a lensed starburst: a blind redshift from Herschel
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey III: 1.1 mm Emission Line Identifications in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell 370, and Abell S1063
• Radio spectra and sizes of ALMA-identified submillimetre galaxies: evidence of age-related spectral curvature and cosmic ray diffusion?
• Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $Herschel$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• H-ATLAS/GAMA: Magnification Bias Tomography. Astrophysical constraints above $\sim 1$ arcmin
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• An ALMA Spectroscopic Survey of the Brightest Submillimeter Galaxies in the SCUBA-2-COSMOS Field (AS2COSPEC): Physical Properties of z=2-5 Ultra- and Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Possible identification of massive and evolved galaxies At z > 5
• Constraining the Lyman Alpha Escape Fraction with Far-Infrared Observations of Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Exploring the early dust-obscured phase of galaxy formation with blind mid-/far-IR spectroscopic surveys
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: On the nature of an extremely obscured serendipitous galaxy
• A Model Connecting Galaxy Masses, Star Formation Rates, and Dust Temperatures Across Cosmic Time
• Spatially Resolved Water Emission from Gravitationally Lensed Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at z $\sim$ 3
• The 2nd Generation z(Redshift) and Early Universe Spectrometer Part I: First-light observation of a highly lensed local-ULIRG analog at high-z
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• The growth of galactic bulges through mergers in LCDM haloes revisited. II. Morphological mix evolution
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [I] Overview
• Red, redder, reddest: SCUBA-2 imaging of colour-selected \textit{Herschel} sources
• IRAM 30m-EMIR Redshift Search of z = 3-4 Lensed Dusty Starbursts selected from the HerBS sample
• ALMA detection of [CII] 158 micron emission from a strongly lensed z=2 star-forming galaxy
• Probing cold gas in a massive, compact star-forming galaxy at z=6
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Companion Galaxies to z$\sim$6 Quasars
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• SCUBA-2 observations of candidate starbursting protoclusters selected by Planck and Herschel-SPIRE
• Far-Infrared Photometric Redshifts: A New Approach to a Highly Uncertain Enterprise
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• S2COSMOS: Evolution of Gas Mass with Redshift Using Dust Emission
• Black hole -- galaxy scaling relations in FIRE: the importance of black hole location and mergers
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• HerMES: Current Cosmic Infrared Background Estimates Can be Explained by Known Galaxies and their Faint Companions at z < 4
• The GADOT Galaxy Survey: Dense Gas and Feedback in Herschel-Selected Starburst Galaxies at Redshifts 2 to 6
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [II] Dust properties
• The black hole and host galaxy growth in an isolated $z\sim 6$ QSO observed with ALMA
• On the existence of bright IR galaxies at z>2: tension between Herschel and SCUBA-2 results?
• Dusty Gas Accretion onto Massive Black Holes and Infrared Diagnosis of the Eddington Ratio
• Accurate Prediction of the Ammonia Probes of a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies IV. Physical properties derived from spectral energy distributions
• A photo-z cautionary tale: Redshift confirmation of COSBO-7 at z=2.625
• Hyperluminous starburst gives up its secrets
• Metal and dust evolution in ALMA REBELS galaxies: insights for future JWST observations
• COOL-LAMPS I. An Extraordinarily Bright Lensed Galaxy at Redshift 5.04
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$). Mass budget, satellites spin alignment and gas infall in a massive $z\sim 3$ quasar host halo
• Resolving the interstellar medium in the nuclear region of two z=5.78 quasar host galaxies with ALMA
• Rise of the Titans: Gas Excitation and Feedback in a Binary Hyper-Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy at z~6
• First detection of the [OI] 63-um emission from a redshift 6 dusty galaxy
• What Powers Lyman alpha Blobs?
• Evolution of the Gas Mass Fraction of Progenitors to Today's Massive Galaxies: ALMA Observations in the CANDELS GOODS-S Field
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• Probing the High-Redshift Universe with SPICA: Toward the Epoch of Reionization and Beyond
• ALMA Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB090423 at z=8.23: Deep Limits on Obscured Star Formation 630 Million Years After the Big Bang
• Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3Gyr after the Big Bang
• Extremely Red Submillimeter Galaxies: New z>~4-6 Candidates Discovered using ALMA and Jansky VLA
• Feedback and feeding in the context of galaxy evolution with SPICA: direct characterization of molecular outflows and inflows
• Galactic dust evolution with rapid dust formation in the interstellar medium due to hypersonic turbulence
• Imaging the environment of a z = 6.3 submillimeter galaxy with SCUBA-2
• Herschel and Hubble study of a lensed massive dusty starbursting galaxy at $z\sim 3$
• The "Red Radio Ring": Ionised and Molecular Gas in a Starburst/Active Galactic Nucleus at $z\sim 2.55$
• An ultra-deep multi-band VLA survey of the faint radio sky (COSMOS-XS): New constraints on the cosmic star formation history
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• Identification of z~>2 Herschel 500 micron sources using color-deconfusion
• Spitzer catalog of Herschel-selected ultrared dusty, star-forming galaxies
• Status of SuperSpec: A Broadband, On-Chip Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer
• Measuring the Heating and Cooling of the Interstellar Medium at High redshift: PAH and [C II] Observations of the Same Star Forming Galaxies at z~2
• The ALMA Patchy Deep Survey: A blind search for [CII] emitters at z~4.5
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• Tracing the evolution of dust obscured star-formation and accretion back to the reionisation epoch with SPICA
• Modelling high-resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed dustystar forming galaxies detected by Herschel
• ALMA unveils wider environment of distant red protocluster core
• COLDz: Deep 34 GHz Continuum Observations and Free-free Emission in High-redshift Star-forming Galaxies
• Where infall meets outflows: turbulent dissipation probed by CH${}^{+}$ and Ly$\alpha$ in the starburst/AGN galaxy group SMM J02399$-$0136 at z$\sim$2.8
• Downsizing of Star Formation Measured from the Clustered Infrared Background Correlated with Quasars
• A titanic interstellar medium ejection from a massive starburst galaxy at redshift 1.4
• Detection of nitrogen and oxygen in a galaxy at the end of reionization
• Big Three Dragons: Molecular Gas in a Bright Lyman-Break Galaxy at $z=7.15$
• ALMA resolves the first strongly-lensed Optical/NIR-dark galaxy
• Optical-faint, Far-infrared-bright Herschel Sources in the CANDELS Fields: Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies at z>1 and the Effect of Source Blending
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• What Regulates Galaxy Evolution? Open Questions in Our Understanding of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Exploring the relation between dust mass and galaxy properties using Dusty SAGE
• The cold molecular gas in z$\gtrsim$6 quasar host galaxies
• IR characteristic emission and dust properties of star-forming galaxies at 4.5 $<$ z $<$ 6.2
• CO luminosity - line width correlation of sub-millimeter galaxies and a possible cosmological application
• Molecular Gas Kinematics and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly-Lensed Quasar Host Galaxy RXS J1131-1231
• The infrared-luminous progenitors of high-z quasars
• Cosmic evolution of the H2 mass density and the epoch of molecular gas
• APEX at the QSO MUSEUM: molecular gas reservoirs associated with $z\sim$3 quasars and their link to the extended Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Detection of H2O and OH+ in z>3 Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• A high redshift population of galaxies at the North Ecliptic Pole: unveiling the main sequence of dusty galaxies
• The Strong Gravitationally Lensed Herschel Galaxy HLock01: Optical Spectroscopy Reveals a Close Galaxy Merger with Evidence of Inflowing Gas
• Evolution of Dust-Obscured Star Formation and Gas to z=2.2 from HiZELS
• Investigating overdensities around z>6 galaxies through ALMA observations of [CII]
• The Nature of 500 micron Risers I: SMA Observations
• Extreme Galaxies During Reionization: Testing ISM and Disk Models
• Star-formation rates of two GRB host galaxies at z~2 and a [CII] deficit observed with ALMA
• High-z dusty star-forming galaxies: a top-heavy initial mass function?
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: the luminosity function of serendipitous [C II] line emitters at $z\sim 5$
• Properties of Interstellar Medium In Infrared Bright QSOs Probed by [O I]63 micron and [C II]158 micron Emission Lines
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: a 1.1 mm AzTEC Survey of Red-$Herschel$ dusty star-forming galaxies
• Circumgalactic Ly$\alpha$ emission around submillimeter-bright galaxies with different quasar contributions
• JADES Ultra-red Flattened Objects: Morphologies and Spatial Gradients in Color and Stellar Populations
• Cosmic Sands: The Origin of Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• ALMA 300 pc resolution imaging of a z=6.79 quasar: no evidence for supermassive black hole influence on the [C II] kinematics
• JWST/MIRI unveils the stellar component of the GN20 dusty galaxy overdensity at $z$=4.05
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Dust constraints in a z~9.6 galaxy
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• The role of SPICA-like missions and the Origins Space Telescope in the quest for heavily obscured AGN and synergies with Athena
• Modeling Dust Production, Growth, and Destruction in Reionization-Era Galaxies with the CROC Simulations: Methods and Parameter Exploration
• The spectral energy distribution of galaxies at z > 2.5: Implications from the Herschel/SPIRE color-color diagram
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• Molecular Gas Excitation of the Massive Dusty Starburst CRLE and the Main-Sequence Galaxy HZ10 at z=5.7 in the COSMOS Field
• A SCUBA-2 Selected Herschel-SPIRE Dropout and the Nature of this Population
• Environment of the submillimeter-bright massive starburst HFLS3 at $z\sim$6.34
• Constraints on the galaxy "main sequence" at z>5: the stellar mass of HDF850.1
• Seeking the Epoch of Maximum Luminosity for Dusty Quasars
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• SCUBA-2 overdensities associated with candidate protoclusters selected from Planck data
• Revealing Dusty Supernovae in High-Redshift (Ultra-)Luminous InfraRed Galaxies Through Near-Infrared Integrated Light Variability
• A Systematic Search for Reddest Far-infrared and Sub-millimeter Galaxies: revealing dust-embedded starbursts at high redshifts
• CO luminosity-Linewidth correlation of low and high redshift galaxies and its possible cosmological utilization
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• Extremely-bright submillimeter galaxies beyond the Lupus-I star-forming region
• Exploring the environment, magnetic fields, and feedback effects of massive high-redshift galaxies with [CII]
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Central concentration of warm and dense molecular gas in a strongly lensed submillimeter galaxy at z=6
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the ISM of $z\sim 5$ star-forming galaxies
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• A tentative emission line at z=5.8 from a 3mm-selected galaxy
• Galaxies into the Dark Ages
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• A luminous molecular gas pair beyond redshift 7
• Warm Gas in the Vicinity of a Supermassive Black hole 13 Billion Years Ago
• A Massive Molecular Gas Reservoir in the z=2.221 Type-2 Quasar Host Galaxy SMM J0939+8315 Lensed by the Radio Galaxy 3C220.3
• Redshift Horizon for Detecting the First Galaxies in Far-Infared Surveys
• Tracing Embedded Stellar Populations in Clusters and Galaxies using Molecular Emission: Methanol as a Signature of the Low-Mass End of the IMF
• Can planet formation resolve the dust budget crisis in high redshift galaxies?
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Counterparts of Candidate Dusty Starbursts at z > 6
• Star-formation-rate estimates from water emission
• Submillimeter galaxy overdensities around physically associated quasar pairs
• The molecular-gas properties in the gravitationally lensed merger HATLAS J142935.3-002836
• Euclid view of dusty star forming galaxies at z>~1.5 detected in wide area submillimetre surveys
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• Resolved Neutral Outflow from a Lensed Dusty Star Forming Galaxy at z=2.09
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• Do Unusually Cold Starburst Galaxies Exist? A Case Study
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Dusty Galaxies at the Highest Redshifts
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• A scaling relation in [C II]-detected galaxies and its likely application in cosmology
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Galaxy evolution and radiative properties in the early Universe: multi-wavelength analysis in cosmological simulations
• Extensive Lensing Survey of Optical and Near-Infrared Dark Objects (El Sonido): HST H-Faint Galaxies behind 101 Lensing Clusters
• Understanding galaxy formation and evolution through an all-sky submillimetre spectroscopic survey
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy
• ALMA Observations of the Sub-kpc Structure of the Host Galaxy of a z= 6.5 Lensed Quasar: A Rotationally-Supported Hyper-Starburst System at the Epoch of Reionization