A Survey of Atomic Carbon at High Redshift

Abstract

We present a survey of atomic carbon (CI) emission in high-redshift (z>2) submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) and quasar host galaxies (QSOs). Sensitive observations of the CI(3P_1->3P_0) and CI(3P_2->3P_1) lines have been obtained at the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer and the IRAM 30m telescope. A total of 16 CI lines have been targeted in 10 sources, leading to a total of 10 detected lines --- this doubles the number of CI observations at high redshift to date. We include previously published CI observations (an additional 5 detected sources) in our analysis. Our main finding is that the CI properties of the studied high-redshift systems do not differ significantly from what is found in low-redshift systems, including the Milky Way. The CI(3P_2->3P_1)/CI(3P_1->3P_0) and the CI(3P_1->3P_0)/12CO(3-2) line luminosity (L') ratios change little in our sample, with respective ratios of 0.55+/-0.15 and 0.32+/-0.13. The CI lines are not an important contributor to cooling of the molecular gas (average L_CI/L_FIR ~ (7.7+/-4.6) x 10^-6). We derive a mean carbon excitation temperature of 29.1+/-6.3 K, broadly consistent with dust temperatures derived for high-redshift starforming systems, but lower than gas temperatures typically derived for starbursts in the local universe. The carbon abundance of X_CI/X_H2~8.4+/-3.5 x 10^-5 is of the same order as found in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies. This implies that the high-z galaxies studied here are significantly enriched in carbon on galactic scales, even though the look-back times are considerable (the average redshift of the sample sources corresponds to an age of the universe of ~2 Gyr).

Accepted for publication in the ApJ

References in corpus (13)

• Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology
• Diagnostics of irradiated dense gas in galaxy nuclei. II. A grid of XDR and PDR models
• Intense Star Formation within Resolved Compact Regions in a Galaxy at z=2.3
• 350 Micron Dust Emission from High Redshift Quasars
• SHARC-2 350 Micron Observations of Distant Submillimeter Selected Galaxies
• Highly-excited CO emission in APM08279+5255 at z=3.9
• The Properties of the Interstellar Medium within a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=2.3
• Imaging the Molecular Gas in a z=3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0.3" Resolution: A Central, Sub-Kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in APM 08279+5255
• Restframe Optical Spectroscopic Classifications for Submillimeter Galaxies
• Far-Infrared Properties of Spitzer-selected Luminous Starbursts
• Atomic Carbon in APM 08279+5255 at z=3.91
• The CO line SED and atomic carbon in IRAS F10214+4724
• Discovery of an extremely bright submillimeter galaxy at z=3.93

Cited by in corpus (127)

• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• Observations of Arp 220 using Herschel-SPIRE: An Unprecedented View of the Molecular Gas in an Extreme Star Formation Environment
• The [C II] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshift
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• Gas and dust in a submillimeter galaxy at z = 4.24 from the Herschel ATLAS
• A survey of the cold molecular gas in gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies at z>2
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon [C I] in High-redshift Main-Sequence Galaxies
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=1-3$
• The compact, ~1 kpc host galaxy of a quasar at z=7.1
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy II: The Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures Revealed with ALMA
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Multi-band constraints on line luminosity functions and the cosmic density of molecular gas
• Discovery of four apparently cold dusty galaxies at z=3.62-5.85 in the COSMOS field: direct evidence of CMB impact on high-redshift galaxy observables
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5
• Molecular gas in three z~7 quasar host galaxies
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Intensity mapping of [CII] from early galaxies
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the interstellar medium of the redshift 7.5 quasar host galaxy J1342+0928
• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• ALMA [CI]${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ observations of NGC6240: a puzzling molecular outflow, and the role of outflows in the global ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}$ factor of (U)LIRGs
• A Survey of the Molecular ISM Properties of Nearby Galaxies using the Herschel FTS
• Giant galaxy growing from recycled gas: ALMA maps the circumgalactic molecular medium of the Spiderweb in [CI]
• Faint Submillimeter Galaxies Revealed by Multifield Deep ALMA Observations: Number Counts, Spatial Clustering, and A Dark Submillimeter Line Emitter
• Neutral carbon and CO in 76 (U)LIRGs and starburst galaxy centers A method to determine molecular gas properties in luminous galaxies
• Deceptively cold dust in the massive starburst galaxy GN20 at $z\sim 4$
• Metallicity dependence of the H/H${}_2$ and C${}^{+}$/C/CO distributions in a resolved self-regulating interstellar medium
• Neutral Carbon Emission in luminous infrared galaxies The \CI\ Lines as Total Molecular Gas Tracers
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• New places and phases of CO-poor/CI-rich molecular gas in the Universe
• Varying [CII]/[NII] line ratios in the interacting system BR1202-0725 at z=4.7
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: CO and [C II] Emission in the z=4.3 AzTEC J095942.9+022938 (COSMOS AzTEC-1)
• Far-Infrared Properties of the Bright, Gravitationally Lensed Quasar J0439+1634 at z=6.5
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Merger driven star-formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z=1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA
• A dense, solar metallicity ISM in the z=4.2 dusty star-forming galaxy SPT0418-47
• VLA Mapping of the CO(1-0) Line in SMM J14011+0252
• Molecular gas in z~6 quasar host galaxies
• NOEMA redshift measurements of bright Herschel galaxies
• Resolved neutral carbon emission in nearby galaxies: [CI] Lines as Total Molecular Gas Tracers
• Physical conditions of molecular gas in the Circinus galaxy: Multi-J CO and CI 1-0 observations
• ALMA Observations of Multiple-CO and C Lines Toward the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 7469: X-Ray-dominated Region Caught in the Act
• SPT 0538-50: Physical conditions in the ISM of a strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z=2.8
• The nature of the ISM in galaxies during the star-formation activity peak of the Universe
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• The Possible Interstellar Anion CH2CN-: Spectroscopic Constants, Vibrational Frequencies, and Other Considerations
• ALMA Finds Dew Drops in the Dusty Spider's Web
• A sensitive APEX and ALMA CO(1-0), CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and [CI](1-0) spectral survey of 40 local (U)LIRGs
• Ionized nitrogen at high redshift
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Cosmic HI Gas Mass Density in Galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• Dust continuum, CO, and [C I] 1-0 lines: self-consistent H2 mass estimates and the possibility of globally CO-dark galaxies at $z=0.35$
• Direct measurement of the [CI] luminosity to molecular gas mass conversion factor in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Ultra-bright CO and [CI] emission in a lensed z=2.04 submillimeter galaxy with extreme molecular gas properties
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of dust continuum and CO emission lines of cluster-lensed submillimetre galaxies at z=2.0-4.7
• On the Variations of Fundamental Constants and AGN feedback in the QSO host galaxy RXJ0911.4+0551 at z=2.79
• The relationship between dust and [CI] at z=1 and beyond
• Atomic carbon as a powerful tracer of molecular gas in the high-redshift Universe: perspectives for ALMA
• The subthermal excitation of the C{\sc i} lines in the molecular gas reservoirs of galaxies: its significance and potential utility
• Extreme conditions in the molecular gas of lensed star-forming galaxies at z~3
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey III: 1.1 mm Emission Line Identifications in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell 370, and Abell S1063
• [CI](1-0) and [CI](2-1) in resolved local galaxies
• VLA Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• ALMA Observations of Atomic Carbon [C I] (${{}^3\mathrm{P}}_1\to {{}^3\mathrm{P}}_0$) and Low-$J$ CO Lines in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1808
• IRAM 30m-EMIR Redshift Search of z = 3-4 Lensed Dusty Starbursts selected from the HerBS sample
• CO (7-6), [CI] 370 micron and [NII] 205 micron Line Emission of the QSO BRI 1335-0417 at Redshift 4.407
• Dark Molecular Gas in Simulations of z~0 Disc Galaxies
• The Discovery of a New Massive Molecular Gas Component Associated with the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J02399-0136
• Quenching by gas compression and consumption: A case study of a massive radio galaxy at z = 2.57
• The Interstellar Medium Properties of Heavily Reddened Quasars & Companions at z~2.5 with ALMA & JVLA
• SPIRE Spectroscopy of Early Type Galaxies
• Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2
• Evidence of extended cold molecular gas and dust halos around $\mathbf{z}\sim 2.3$ Extremely Red Quasars with ALMA
• The Carbon-to-H${}_2$, CO-to-H${}_2$ Conversion Factors and Carbon Abundance on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• Observations of neutral carbon in 29 high-z lensed dusty star forming galaxies and the comparison of gas mass tracers
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• Measuring space-time variation of the fundamental constants with redshifted submillimetre transitions of neutral carbon
• Gas and dust in a z=2.8 obscured quasar
• NOEMA formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Characterizing eight massive galaxy groups at $1.5<z<4$ in the COSMOS field
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• High resolution spectral imaging of CO(7-6), [CI](2-1) and continuum of three high-z lensed dusty star-forming galaxies using ALMA
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• Herschel Spectroscopy of the Taffy Galaxies (UGC 12914/12915 = VV 254): Enhanced [C II] emission in the collisionally-formed bridge
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• An ACA Survey of [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$, CO $J=4-3$, and Dust Continuum in Nearby U/LIRG
• SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys
• Physical conditions of the molecular gas in metal-poor galaxies
• The cold interstellar medium of a normal sub-$L^{\star }$ galaxy at the end of reionization
• Origins Space Telescope: predictions for far-IR spectroscopic surveys
• Spatially resolved molecular interstellar medium in a $z=6.6$ quasar host galaxy
• APEX at the QSO MUSEUM: molecular gas reservoirs associated with $z\sim$3 quasars and their link to the extended Ly$\alpha$ emission
• The ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey: sub-kpc morphology of 3 main-sequence galaxy systems at z~4.5 revealed by ALMA
• Discovery of a [CI]-faint, CO-bright Galaxy: ALMA Observations of the Merging Galaxy NGC 6052
• Excitation Conditions in the Multi-component Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J00266+1708
• The cold molecular gas in z$\gtrsim$6 quasar host galaxies
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• Revisited cold gas content with atomic carbon [C I] in z=2.5 protocluster galaxies
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• The interstellar medium in Andromeda's dwarf spheroidal galaxies: II. Multi-phase gas content and ISM conditions
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• Herschel and ALMA Observations of Massive SZE-selected Clusters
• Spatially-resolved relation between [CI] ${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$ and ${}^{12}$CO (1-0) in Arp 220
• Evidence for environmental effects in the $z=4.3$ protocluster core SPT2349$-$56
• Multiwavelength characterisation of an ACT-selected, lensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z=2.64
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• The molecular-gas properties in the gravitationally lensed merger HATLAS J142935.3-002836
• ALMA High-J CO Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Galaxies. II. 0.03" Resolution CO Kinematics Reveal Super-Eddington Accretion in a Dust-Obscured Galaxy at z=3.111
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• GRB host galaxies with strong H${}_2$ absorption: CO-dark molecular gas at the peak of cosmic star formation
• Low star-formation activity and low gas content of quiescent galaxies at $z=$ 3.5-4.0 constrained with ALMA