High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era

Abstract

The Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) is currently in the process of transforming our view of star-forming galaxies in the distant ($z\gtrsim 1$) universe. Before ALMA, most of what we knew about dust-obscured star formation in distant galaxies was limited to the brightest submillimetre sources$-$the so-called submillimetre galaxies (SMGs)$-$and even the information on those sources was sparse, with resolved (i.e., sub-galactic) observations of the obscured star formation and gas reservoirs typically restricted to the most extreme and/or strongly lensed sources. Starting with the beginning of early science operations in 2011, the last nine years of ALMA observations have ushered in a new era for studies of high-redshift star formation. With its long baselines, ALMA has allowed observations of distant dust-obscured star formation with angular resolutions comparable to$-$or even far surpassing$-$the best current optical telescopes. With its bandwidth and frequency coverage, it has provided an unprecedented look at the associated molecular and atomic gas in these distant galaxies through targeted follow-up and serendipitous detections/blind line scans. Finally, with its leap in sensitivity compared to previous (sub-)millimetre arrays, it has enabled the detection of these powerful dust/gas tracers much further down the luminosity function through both statistical studies of color/mass-selected galaxy populations and dedicated deep fields. We review the main advances ALMA has helped bring about in our understanding of the dust and gas properties of high-redshift ($z\gtrsim 1$) star-forming galaxies during these first nine years of its science operations, and we highlight the interesting questions that may be answered by ALMA in the years to come.

Invited Review for Royal Society Open Science, Published version (+ table of contents)

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• Resolving a merger in a hyper-luminous submillimeter galaxy at z=2.82
• Millimeter-wave observations of Euclid Deep Field South using the South Pole Telescope: A data release of temperature maps and catalogs
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Internal structure of molecular gas in a main sequence galaxy with a UV clump at z = 1.45
• JWST reveals extended stellar disks for ALMA-bright dusty star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• ALMA discovery of Punctum -- a highly polarized mm source in nuclear starburst galaxy NGC 4945
• A PAH deficit in the starburst core of a distant spiral galaxy
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• ADF22+: a declining faint end in the far-infrared luminosity function in the SSA22 protocluster at z=3.09
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Investigating the role of turbulence in the interstellar medium in $z\sim 3$ dusty star-forming galaxies using kpc-resolution ALMA dust and gas maps
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Do Unusually Cold Starburst Galaxies Exist? A Case Study
• Candidate cosmic filament in the GJ526 field, mapped with the NIKA2 camera
• A scaling relation in [C II]-detected galaxies and its likely application in cosmology
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• Extensive Lensing Survey of Optical and Near-Infrared Dark Objects (El Sonido): HST H-Faint Galaxies behind 101 Lensing Clusters
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy