VLA and ALMA Imaging of Intense, Galaxy-Wide Star Formation in z ~ 2 Galaxies

Abstract

We present $\simeq$0$.{}^{\prime \prime }4$-resolution extinction-independent distributions of star formation and dust in 11 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at $z=1.3-3.0$. These galaxies are selected from sensitive, blank-field surveys of the $2^{\prime }\times 2^{\prime }$ Hubble Ultra-Deep Field at $\lambda =5$ cm and 1.3 mm using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). They have star-formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses, and dust properties representative of massive main-sequence SFGs at $z\sim 2$. Morphological classification performed on spatially-resolved stellar mass maps indicates a mixture of disk and morphologically disturbed systems; half of the sample harbor X-ray active galactic nuclei (AGN), thereby representing a diversity of $z\sim 2$ SFGs undergoing vigorous mass assembly. We find that their intense star formation most frequently occurs at the location of stellar-mass concentration and extends over an area comparable to their stellar-mass distribution, with a median diameter of $4.2\pm 1.8$ kpc. This provides direct evidence for galaxy-wide star formation in distant, blank-field-selected main-sequence SFGs. The typical galactic-average SFR surface density is 2.5 M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$kpc${}^{-2}$, sufficiently high to drive outflows. In X-ray-selected AGN where radio emission is enhanced over the level associated with star formation, the radio excess pinpoints the AGN, which are found to be co-spatial with star formation. The median extinction-independent size of main-sequence SFGs is two times larger than those of bright submillimeter galaxies whose SFRs are $3-8$ times larger, providing a constraint on the characteristic SFR ($\sim 300$ M${}_{\odot }$yr${}^{-1}$) above which a significant population of more compact star-forming galaxies appears to emerge.

11 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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