The [C II] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshift

Abstract

We present ALMA Band 9 observations of the [C II]158um emission for a sample of 10 main-sequence galaxies at redshift z ~ 2, with typical stellar masses (log M*/Msun ~ 10.0 - 10.9) and star formation rates (~ 35 - 115 Msun/yr). Given the strong and well understood evolution of the interstellar medium from the present to z = 2, we investigate the behaviour of the [C II] emission and empirically identify its primary driver. We detect [C II] from six galaxies (four secure, two tentative) and estimate ensemble averages including non detections. The [C II]-to-infrared luminosity ratio (L[C II]/LIR) of our sample is similar to that of local main-sequence galaxies (~ 2 x 10^-3), and ~ 10 times higher than that of starbursts. The [C II] emission has an average spatial extent of 4 - 7 kpc, consistent with the optical size. Complementing our sample with literature data, we find that the [C II] luminosity correlates with galaxies' molecular gas mass, with a mean absolute deviation of 0.2 dex and without evident systematics: the [C II]-to-H2 conversion factor (alpha_[C II] ~ 30 Msun/Lsun) is largely independent of galaxies' depletion time, metallicity, and redshift. [C II] seems therefore a convenient tracer to estimate galaxies' molecular gas content regardless of their starburst or main-sequence nature, and extending to metal-poor galaxies at low and high redshifts. The dearth of [C II] emission reported for z > 6 - 7 galaxies might suggest either a high star formation efficiency or a small fraction of UV light from star formation reprocessed by dust.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS. 28 pages, including 12 figures, 5 tables, 3 appendices

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• High$-z$ [OI] emission lines: ColdSIM simulations and ALMA observations
• GAMA 526784: the progenitor of a globular cluster-rich ultra-diffuse galaxy? II. Molecular gas, neutral gas and environment
• Multiphase images of a powerful supernova-driven wind in the early Universe
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Gas-Poor Hosts and Gas-Rich Companions of $z\approx$3.5 Radio Active Galactic Nuclei: ALMA Insights into Jet Triggering and Feedback
• A scaling relation in [C II]-detected galaxies and its likely application in cosmology
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• Measuring the ISM Content of Nearby, Luminous, Type 1 and Type 2 QSOs through CO and [C II]
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• Far-infrared lines hidden in archival deep multi-wavelength surveys: Limits on [CII]-158$\mu$m at $z\sim 0.3-2.9$
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• The contribution of stars, dust, neutral gas and supermassive black holes in galaxies to the cosmic baryon inventory
• Implications for galaxy property estimation revealed by CO luminosity-FWHM relations in local star-forming galaxies
• The interstellar medium content of galaxies in the ALMA era
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• LMC+: Large-scale mapping of [CII] and [OIII] in the LMC molecular ridge, I. Dataset and line ratio analyses
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation