The REBELS ALMA Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z $\sim$ 7

Abstract

ALMA observations have revealed the presence of dust in the first generations of galaxies in the Universe. However, the dust temperature $T_d$ remains mostly unconstrained due to the few available FIR continuum data at redshift $z>5$. This introduces large uncertainties in several properties of high-$z$ galaxies, namely their dust masses, infrared luminosities, and obscured fraction of star formation. Using a new method based on simultaneous [CII] 158$\mu$m line and underlying dust continuum measurements, we derive $T_d$ in the continuum and [CII] detected $z\approx 7$ galaxies in the ALMA Large Project REBELS sample. We find $39\mathrm{K}<T_d<58\mathrm{K}$, and dust masses in the narrow range $M_d=(0.9-3.6)\times 10^7{M}_{\odot }$. These results allow us to extend for the first time the reported $T_d(z)$ relation into the Epoch of Reionization. We produce a new physical model that explains the increasing $T_d(z)$ trend with the decrease of gas depletion time, $t_{dep}=M_g/\mathrm{SFR}$, induced by the higher cosmological accretion rate at early times; this hypothesis yields $T_d\propto (1+z{)}^{0.4}$. The model also explains the observed $T_d$ scatter at a fixed redshift. We find that dust is warmer in obscured sources, as a larger obscuration results in more efficient dust heating. For UV-transparent (obscured) galaxies, $T_d$ only depends on the gas column density (metallicity), $T_d\propto N_H^{1/6}$ ($T_d\propto Z^{-1/6}$). REBELS galaxies are on average relatively transparent, with effective gas column densities around $N_H\simeq (0.03-1)\times 10^{21}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$. We predict that other high-$z$ galaxies (e.g. MACS0416-Y1, A2744-YD4), with estimated $T_d\gg 60$ K, are significantly obscured, low-metallicity systems. In fact $T_d$ is higher in metal-poor systems due to their smaller dust content, which for fixed $L_{IR}$ results in warmer temperatures.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (34)

• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• An ALMA survey of Sub-millimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Physical properties derived from ultraviolet-to-radio modelling
• A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• Kiloparsec-scale dust disks in high-redshift luminous submillimeter galaxies
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• Stellar Evolutionary Effects on the Abundances of PAH and SN-Condensed Dust in Galaxies
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• Normal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Galaxy Simulation with Dust Formation and Destruction
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: the dust content of $z\sim 7$ Lyman Break Galaxies
• Dust production 680-850 million years after the Big Bang
• ALMA reveals metals yet no dust within multiple components in CR7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• ALMA Characterises the Dust Temperature of z ~ 5.5 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dust production scenarios in galaxies at z ~ 6-8.3
• Far-infrared metallicity diagnostics: Application to local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• Accurate dust temperature determination in a $z=7.13$ galaxy
• ALMA Reveals Weak [NII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Intense Starbursts at z=5-6
• The Absence of [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission in Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at $z>8$
• Strong FUV fields drive the [CII]/FIR deficit in z~3 dusty, star-forming galaxies
• Far-Infrared Properties of Spitzer-selected Luminous Starbursts
• Dust Properties of [CII] Detected z $\sim$ 5.5 Galaxies: New HST/WFC3 Near-IR Observations
• A${}^3$COSMOS: The Dust Attenuation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=2.5-4.0$ from the COSMOS-ALMA Archive
• A dense, solar metallicity ISM in the z=4.2 dusty star-forming galaxy SPT0418-47
• Radiative equilibrium estimates of dust temperature and mass in high-redshift galaxies
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: implications for spectral line intensity mapping at millimeter wavelengths and CMB spectral distortions

Cited by in corpus (61)

• CEERS Key Paper I: An Early Look into the First 500 Myr of Galaxy Formation with JWST
• On the stunning abundance of super-early, massive galaxies revealed by JWST
• Dusty Starbursts Masquerading as Ultra-high Redshift Galaxies in JWST CEERS Observations
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Dust Continuum Detections at z > 6.5
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Dust-obscured Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at Redshift 7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Specific Star-Formation Rates in the Reionization Era
• Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O III] 88 $\mu$m and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at $z\sim 7$
• Blue Monsters. Why are JWST super-early, massive galaxies so blue?
• Dynamical characterization of galaxies up to $z\sim 7$
• The gas and stellar content of a metal-poor galaxy at $z=8.496$ as revealed by JWST and ALMA
• An empirical study of dust properties at the earliest epochs
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: the build-up of stellar mass and its scaling relations with hints from early JWST data
• ALMA hints at the presence of turbulent disk galaxies at z > 5
• A new look at the infrared properties of z $\sim$ 5 galaxies
• The hidden side of cosmic star formation at z > 3: Bridging optically-dark and Lyman break galaxies with GOODS-ALMA
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Cosmic HI Gas Mass Density in Galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The First Infrared Luminosity Function Measurement at $\mathbf{z \sim 7}
• Dust attenuation law in JWST galaxies at z = 7-8
• The early Universe was dust-rich and extremely hot
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Widespread dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6
• No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z${}_{\mathrm{spec}}$ > 7
• Dust temperature uncertainties hamper the inference of dust and molecular gas masses from the dust continuum emission of quiescent high-redshift galaxies
• The Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) II: Millimetre photometry of gravitational lens candidates
• The eventful life of GS-z14-0, the most distant galaxy at redshift $z=14.32$
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• ALMA Observation of a $z\gtrsim 10$ Galaxy Candidate Discovered with JWST
• Metal and dust evolution in ALMA REBELS galaxies: insights for future JWST observations
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• ALMA observations of super-early galaxies: attenuation-free model predictions
• The cold interstellar medium of a normal sub-$L^{\star }$ galaxy at the end of reionization
• Dust Properties of 870 Micron Selected Galaxies in the GOODS-S
• The interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies: Gathering clues from C III] and [C II] lines
• The bright end of the galaxy luminosity function at $z\simeq 7$ from the VISTA VIDEO survey
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• A Dusty Dawn: Galactic Dust Buildup at $z\gtrsim 5$
• The archival discovery of a strong Lyman-$\alpha$ and [CII] emitter at z = 7.677
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• Molecular gas and dust properties in $z>7$ quasar hosts
• Dust in High-Redshift Galaxies: Reconciling UV Attenuation and IR Emission
• Cosmic Sands: The Origin of Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Analytic models of dust temperature in high-redshift galaxies
• A model for the infrared-radio correlation of main-sequence galaxies at GHz frequencies and its variation on redshift and stellar mass
• Kpc-scale properties of dust temperature in terms of dust mass and star formation activity
• CEERS: Forging the First Dust Grains in the Universe? A Population of Galaxies with spectroscopically-derived Extremely Low Dust Attenuation (GELDA) at 4.0<z<11.4
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• Infrared Ejecta and Cold Dust in the Young Supernova Remnant N132D
• Dust emission from the bulk of galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Resolving the Hot and Ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
• Radiation-driven dusty outflows from early galaxies
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• Dust-UV offsets in high-redshift galaxies in the Cosmic Dawn III simulation
• Dust destruction by the supernova remnant forward shock in a turbulent interstellar medium
• Do Red Galaxies Form More Stars Than Blue Galaxies?
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• REBELS-IFU: Spatially Resolved Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies of 12 Bright Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Early galaxy evolution: The complex interstellar medium distribution of the z~7 galaxy A1689-zD1
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• Far-infrared observations of dust in Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z=2-6