ALMA Characterises the Dust Temperature of z ~ 5.5 Star-Forming Galaxies

Abstract

The infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of main-sequence galaxies in the early universe (z > 4) is currently unconstrained as infrared continuum observations are time consuming and not feasible for large samples. We present Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) Band 8 observations of four main-sequence galaxies at z ~ 5.5 to study their infrared SED shape in detail. Our continuum data (rest-frame 110$\mu \mathrm{m}$, close to the peak of infrared emission) allows us to constrain luminosity weighted dust temperatures and total infrared luminosities. With data at longer wavelengths, we measure for the first time the emissivity index at these redshifts to provide more robust estimates of molecular gas masses based on dust continuum. The Band 8 observations of three out of four galaxies can only be reconciled with optically thin emission redward of rest-frame 100$\mu \mathrm{m}$. The derived dust peak temperatures at z ~ 5.5 (38$\pm$8K) are elevated compared to average local galaxies, however, 5-10K below what would be predicted from an extrapolation of the trend at $z<4$. This behaviour can be explained by decreasing dust abundance (or density) towards high redshifts, which would cause the infrared SED at the peak to be more optically thin, making hot dust more visible to the external observer. From the 850$\mu \mathrm{m}$ dust continuum, we derive molecular gas masses between $10^{10}$ and $10^{11}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ and gas fractions (gas over total mass) of 30-80% (gas depletion times of 100-220Myrs). All in all, our results provide a first measured benchmark SED to interpret future millimetre observations of normal, main-sequence galaxies in the early Universe.

12 pages, 8 Figures, 3 Table, Submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (19)

• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• An ALMA survey of Sub-millimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Physical properties derived from ultraviolet-to-radio modelling
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• ALMA Imaging of Gas and Dust in a Galaxy Protocluster at Redshift 5.3: [CII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Dusty Starbursts ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
• Star formation and the interstellar medium in z>6 UV-luminous Lyman-break galaxies
• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• PHIBSS2: survey design and z=0.5-0.8 results. Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation
• Are high redshift Galaxies hot? - Temperature of z > 5 Galaxies and Implications on their Dust Properties
• Warm dust in high-z galaxies: origin and implications
• The Dust Attenuation of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ and Beyond: New Insights from ALMA Observations
• The Molecular Gas Reservoirs of $z\sim 2$ Galaxies: A comparison of CO(1-0) and dust-based molecular gas masses
• An alternate approach to measure specific star formation rates at 2<z<7
• Tidal deformations of hybrid stars with sharp phase transitions and elastic crusts
• Optical Observations Reveal Strong Evidence for High Energy Neutrino Progenitor

Cited by in corpus (69)

• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey Large Program: The Infrared Excess of z=1.5-10 UV-selected Galaxies and the Implied High-Redshift Star Formation History
• Normal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The REBELS ALMA Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z $\sim$ 7
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: the dust content of $z\sim 7$ Lyman Break Galaxies
• The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: properties of dusty galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• A survey of high-$z$ galaxies: SERRA simulations
• Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O III] 88 $\mu$m and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at $z\sim 7$
• Accurate dust temperature determination in a $z=7.13$ galaxy
• Warm dust in high-z galaxies: origin and implications
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Significant Dust-Obscured Star Formation in Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z$$\sim$$7$$-$$8$
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Bright [CII] 158 $\mu$m Lines from a Multiply Imaged Sub-$L^{\star }$ Galaxy at $z=6.0719$
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• An empirical study of dust properties at the earliest epochs
• The emergence of passive galaxies in the early Universe
• A new look at the infrared properties of z $\sim$ 5 galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Dust mass budget in the early Universe
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: III. Infrared luminosity functions, obscured star formation and dust temperature of high-redshift galaxies
• No Redshift Evolution of Dust Temperatures from $0<z<2$
• The early Universe was dust-rich and extremely hot
• Resolving a dusty, star-forming SHiZELS galaxy at z=2.2 with HST, ALMA and SINFONI on kiloparsec scales
• The IRX-$\beta$ relation of high-redshift galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Widespread dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z=4-6
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at $z\ge$6
• GA-NIFS: Multi-phase analysis of a star-forming galaxy at $z\sim 5.5$
• The Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) II: Millimetre photometry of gravitational lens candidates
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionization down to redshift 2
• IR SED and Dust Masses of Sub-solar Metallicity Galaxies at z~2.3
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [II] Dust properties
• Charting the main sequence of star-forming galaxies out to redshifts z<5.7
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: A Search for [CII] Emitters at $6\le z\le 8$
• ALMA Observation of a $z\gtrsim 10$ Galaxy Candidate Discovered with JWST
• Rise of the Titans: Gas Excitation and Feedback in a Binary Hyper-Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy at z~6
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey: Survey Description and Galaxy Number Counts
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6
• Dead or Alive? How Bursty Star Formation and Patchy Dust Can Cause Temporary Quiescence in High Redshift Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Investigation of 10 Galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$ with [OII] and [CII] Line Emission $-$ ISM Properties and [OII]$-$SFR Relation
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• On the Impact of Inclination-Dependent Attenuation on Derived Star Formation Histories: Results from Disk Galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Fields
• IR characteristic emission and dust properties of star-forming galaxies at 4.5 $<$ z $<$ 6.2
• A Dusty Dawn: Galactic Dust Buildup at $z\gtrsim 5$
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• An Orientation Bias in Observations of Submillimetre Galaxies
• Local Analogs to High-Redshift Galaxies: I. Characterization of Dust Emission and Star Formation History
• Dust grain size evolution in local galaxies: a comparison between observations and simulations
• A [C II] 158$\mu$m Emitter Associated with an OI Absorber at the End of the Reionization Epoch
• Detailed Study of Stars and Gas in a z = 8.3 Massive Merger with Extreme Dust Conditions
• Tomography of the environment of the COSMOS/AzTEC-3 submillimeter galaxy at z=5.3 revealed by Lyalpha and MUSE observations
• Gas and Star Formation from HD and Dust Emission in a Strongly Lensed Galaxy
• Spatially resolved dust properties over 50 kpc in a hyperluminous galaxy merger at $z=4.6$
• Analytic models of dust temperature in high-redshift galaxies
• Molecular Gas Excitation of the Massive Dusty Starburst CRLE and the Main-Sequence Galaxy HZ10 at z=5.7 in the COSMOS Field
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• A simple numerical experiment on the dust temperature bias for Lyman break galaxies at $z\gtrsim 5$
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• A tentative $\sim$1000 km s${}^{-1}$ offset between the [CII] 158 $\mu$m and Ly$\alpha$ line emission in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.2$
• Searching for [CII] Emission from the First Sample of $z\sim 6$ OI Absorption-Associated Galaxies with ALMA
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The infrared-radio correlation and AGN fraction of star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.4-5.9
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• The early Universe with JWST and ALMA
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• Gravitational wave energy spectral density properties from BPASS Galactic binary population in the Milky Way galaxy
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys
• Far-infrared observations of dust in Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z=2-6