Ionization State of Inter-Stellar Medium in Galaxies: Evolution, SFR-M_star-Z Dependence, and Ionizing Photon Escape

Abstract

We present a systematic study for ionization state of inter-stellar medium in galaxies at z=0-3 with ~140,000 SDSS galaxies and 108 intermediate to high redshift galaxies from the literature, using an ionization-parameter sensitive line ratio of [OIII]5007/[OII]3727 and photoionization models. We confirm that z=2-3 galaxies show an [OIII]/[OII] ratio significantly higher than a typical star-forming galaxy of SDSS by a factor of >~10, and the photoionization models reveal that these high-z galaxies have an ionization parameter of log(qion/cm s^{-1})~7.6-9.0, a factor of ~4-10 higher than local galaxies. For galaxies at any redshift, we identify a correlation between the [OIII]/[OII] ratio and galaxy global properties of star-formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (M_star), and metallicity (Z). We extend the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) and develop the fundamental ionization relation (FIR), a four-dimensional relation of ionization parameter, SFR, M_star, and Z. The intermediate and high-z galaxies up to z~3 follow the FIR defined with the local galaxies, in contrast with the FMR whose possible evolution from z~2 to 3 is reported. We find that the FMR evolution of z~2-3 appears, if one omits ionization parameter differences, and that the FMR evolution does not exist for an average metallicity solution of z~3 galaxies with a high-ionization parameter. Interestingly, all of two local Lyman-continuum emitting galaxies (LyC leakers) have a high [OIII]/[OII] ratio, indicating a positive correlation between [OIII]/[OII] and ionizing photon escape fraction (fesc), which is successfully explained by our photoionization models. Because [OIII]/[OII] ratios of z~2-3 galaxies, especially Ly-alpha emitters (LAEs), are comparable to, or higher than, those of the local LyC leakers, these high-z galaxies are candidates of Lyman-continuum emitting objects. (abridged)

19 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7<z<3.4$
• Understanding the spatial variation of \ion{Mg}{II} and ionizing photon escape in a local LyC leaker
• Strong [O III] λ5007 Compact Galaxies Identified from SDSS DR16 and Their Scaling Relations
• Candidate z ~ 2.5 Lyman Continuum Sources in the GOODS Fields
• A Giant Green Pea Identified in the Spectroscopy of Spatially Extended [OIII] Sources
• UM462, a local green pea galaxy analogue under the MUSE magnifying glass
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• Ionizing Radiation Escape from Low-Redshift Galaxies and Its Connection to Cosmic Reionization
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• Surface density: a new parameter in the fundamental metallicity relation of star-forming galaxies
• Detections of [C II] 158 $\mu$m and [O III] 88 $\mu$m in a Local Lyman Continuum Emitter, Mrk 54, and its Implications to High-redshift ALMA Studies
• Towards unveiling the Cosmic Reionization: the ionizing photon production efficiency (${\xi }_{ion}$) of Low-mass H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$
• Multiple emission lines of H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$ from the broad and medium-band photometry in the ZFOURGE Survey
• MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon
• The miniJPAS & J-NEP surveys: Identification and characterization of the Ly$\alpha$ Emitter population and the Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function
• Modelling the escape of Lyman Continuum photons from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Modelling LAEs in the Epoch of Reionization with OBELISK
• A unique window into the Epoch of Reionisation: A double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter in the proximity zone of a quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: an observational evidence of density bounded region in a Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter
• FAST H I 21 cm study of blueberry galaxies
• Gas excitation in galaxies and active galactic nuclei with He IIλ4686 and X-ray emission
• Physically motivated modeling of LyC escape fraction during reionization
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds. II. Exploring the Parameter Space
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• MUSE observations of V1425 Aql reveal an arc-shaped nova shell
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• J-PAS: First Identification, Physical Properties and Ionization Efficiency of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies
• The Physical Properties of Star-Forming Galaxies with Strong [O III] Lines at z=3.25
• Challenges in modelling the rest-frame ultraviolet/optical spectra of galaxies at the high-redshift frontier
• First IFU observations of two GRB host galaxies at cosmic noon with JWST/NIRSpec
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• A Lyman continuum analysis for $\sim 100$ galaxies at $z_{\text{spec}}\sim 3$ in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
• The extension of the Fundamental Metallicity Relation beyond the BPT star-forming sequence: evidence for both gas accretion and starvation
• Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
• Unveiling an old disk around a massive young leaking blueberry in SDSS-IV MaNGA
• M^3D: Mosaicking M33 with MUSE datacubes I. Unveiling the diversity of HII regions in M33 with MUSE
• Spectroscopic confirmation of dual and offset quasars from the Subaru HSC-SSP program