Theoretical Evolution of Optical Strong Lines across Cosmic Time

Abstract

We use the chemical evolution predictions of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with our latest theoretical stellar population synthesis, photoionization and shock models to predict the strong line evolution of ensembles of galaxies from z=3 to the present day. In this paper, we focus on the brightest optical emission-line ratios, [NII]/H-alpha and [OIII]/H-beta. We use the optical diagnostic Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich (BPT) diagram as a tool for investigating the spectral properties of ensembles of active galaxies. We use four redshift windows chosen to exploit new near-infrared multi-object spectrographs. We predict how the BPT diagram will appear in these four redshift windows given different sets of assumptions. We show that the position of star-forming galaxies on the BPT diagram traces the ISM conditions and radiation field in galaxies at a given redshift. Galaxies containing AGN form a mixing sequence with purely star-forming galaxies. This mixing sequence may change dramatically with cosmic time, due to the metallicity sensitivity of the optical emission-lines. Furthermore, the position of the mixing sequence may probe metallicity gradients in galaxies as a function of redshift, depending on the size of the AGN narrow line region. We apply our latest slow shock models for gas shocked by galactic-scale winds. We show that at high redshift, galactic wind shocks are clearly separated from AGN in line ratio space. Instead, shocks from galactic winds mimic high metallicity starburst galaxies. We discuss our models in the context of future large near-infrared spectroscopic surveys.

20 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (27)

• The Host Galaxies and Classification of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z~2
• The MAPPINGS III Library of Fast Radiative Shock Models
• Cosmological Simulations of Intergalactic Medium Enrichment from Galactic Outflows
• Radiatively Inefficient Accretion in Nearby Galaxies
• Rotational mixing in massive binaries: detached short-period systems
• The Origin and Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relationship for Galaxies: Results from Cosmological N-Body Simulations
• New insights into the stellar content and physical conditions of star-forming galaxies at z = 2-3 from spectral modelling
• Galaxies with Wolf-Rayet signatures in the low-redshift Universe - A survey using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity
• Resolving the electron temperature discrepancies in HII Regions and Planetary Nebulae: kappa-distributed electrons
• Simulations of Cosmic Chemical Enrichment
• Metallicities and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Galaxies at z~1.0-1.5
• Rest-Frame Optical Spectra of Three Strongly Lensed Galaxies at z~2
• Size and properties of the narrow-line region in Seyfert-1 galaxies from spatially-resolved optical spectroscopy
• Modelling the Pan-Spectral Energy Distribution of Starburst Galaxies: II. Control of the \HII Region Parameters
• The Enrichment History of Baryons in the Universe
• Shocked Superwinds from the z~2 Clumpy Star-forming Galaxy, ZC406690
• Optical IFU Observations of the Brightest Cluster Galaxy NGC 4696: The Case for a Minor Merger and Shock-excited Filaments
• The interplay between ionized gas and massive stars in the HII galaxy IIZw70: integral field spectroscopy with PMAS
• Intense Star-formation and Feedback at High Redshift: Spatially-resolved Properties of the z=2.6 Submillimeter Galaxy SMMJ14011+0252
• The Infrared Emission from the Narrow Line Region
• SDSS 0809+1729: Connections Between Extremely Metal Poor Galaxies and Gamma Ray Burst Hosts
• Turning Back the Clock: Inferring the History of the Eight O'clock Arc
• Probing Star Formation at Low Metallicity: The Radio Emission of Super Star Clusters in SBS0335-052
• Medium-resolution spectroscopy of FORJ0332-3557: Probing the interstellar medium and stellar populations of a lensed Lyman-break galaxy at z=3.77
• Revision of Star-Formation Measures

Cited by in corpus (339)

• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe
• Inferring the star-formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: Evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms
• De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
• Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• Understanding Galaxy Evolution through Emission Lines
• Deriving Physical Properties from Broadband Photometry with Prospector: Description of the Model and a Demonstration of its Accuracy Using 129 Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Ionization State of Inter-Stellar Medium in Galaxies: Evolution, SFR-M_star-Z Dependence, and Ionizing Photon Escape
• The Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies across cosmic times
• Nuclear activity versus star formation: emission-line diagnostics at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths
• The Universal Relation of Galactic Chemical Evolution: The Origin of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• The MOSDEF Survey: Electron Density and Ionization Parameter at $z\sim 2.3$
• Forming Compact Massive Galaxies
• Using Lyman-alpha to detect galaxies that leak Lyman continuum
• Strongly baryon-dominated disk galaxies at the peak of galaxy formation ten billion years ago
• GA-NIFS: A massive black hole in a low-metallicity AGN at $z\sim 5.55$ revealed by JWST/NIRSpec IFS
• Chemical abundances in high-redshift galaxies: A powerful new emission line diagnostic
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Infrared Excess of UV-selected z=2-10 galaxies as a function of UV-continuum Slope and Stellar Mass
• The MOSDEF Survey: The Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation from $z=0$ to $z\sim 3.3$
• The GLASS James Webb Space Telescope Early Release Science Program. I. Survey Design and Release Plans
• Nebular Emission Line Ratios in z~2-3 Star-Forming Galaxies with KBSS-MOSFIRE: Exploring the Impact of Ionization, Excitation, and Nitrogen-to-Oxygen Ratio
• The MOSDEF Survey: Mass, Metallicity, and Star-formation Rate at z~2.3
• Metallicity evolution, metallicity gradients and gas fractions at z~3.4
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Impact of Diffuse Ionized Gas on Emission-line Ratios, Interpretation of Diagnostic Diagrams, and Gas Metallicity Measurements
• The MOSDEF Survey: Excitation Properties of $z\sim 2.3$ Star-forming Galaxies
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: SINFONI adaptive optics-assisted data and kiloparsec-scale emission line properties
• A massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.658
• Blowin' in the wind: both `negative' and `positive' feedback in an obscured high-z Quasar
• Spectroscopy of superluminous supernova host galaxies. A preference of hydrogen-poor events for extreme emission line galaxies
• MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of Quiescent Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5. II - Star Formation Histories and Galaxy Quenching
• Evidence for Wide-Spread AGN Driven Outflows in the Most Massive z~1-2 Star Forming Galaxies
• The KMOS^3D Survey: Demographics and Properties of Galactic Outflows at z = 0.6 - 2.7
• The Lyman-Continuum Photon Production Efficiency xi_{ion} of z~4-5 Galaxies from IRAC-based Halpha Measurements: Implications for the Escape Fraction and Cosmic Reionization
• Physical Properties of Emission-Line Galaxies at z ~ 2 from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Magellan FIRE
• Direct measurements of dust attenuation in z~1.5 star-forming galaxies from 3D-HST: Implications for dust geometry and star formation rates
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Evidence for powerful AGN-driven nuclear outflows in massive star-forming galaxies
• AGN Emission Line Diagnostics and the Mass-Metallicity Relation up to Redshift z~2: the Impact of Selection Effects and Evolution
• The MOSDEF Survey: Direct-Method Metallicities and ISM Conditions at $z\sim 1.5-3.5$
• High-precision Photometric Redshifts from Spitzer/IRAC: Extreme [3.6]-[4.5] Colors Identify Galaxies in the Redshift Range z~6.6-6.9
• The JWST Extragalactic Mock Catalog: Modeling galaxy populations from the UV through the near-IR over thirteen billion years of cosmic history
• MMT/MMIRS spectroscopy of $z=1.3-2.4$ extreme [OIII] emitters: Implications for galaxies in the reionization-era
• The FMOS-Cosmos Survey of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.6 II. The Mass-Metallicity Relation and the Dependence on Star Formation Rate and Dust Extinction
• JADES: Probing interstellar medium conditions at $z\sim 5.5-9.5$ with ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy
• The KMOS AGN Survey at High redshift (KASHz): the prevalence and drivers of ionised outflows in the host galaxies of X-ray AGN
• The MOSDEF Survey: Optical AGN Diagnostics at z~2.3
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at z~1.6 III. Survey design, performance, and sample characteristics
• The angular momentum distribution and baryon content of star forming galaxies at z~1-3
• The Biases of Optical Line-Ratio Selection for Active Galactic Nuclei, and the Intrinsic Relationship between Black Hole Accretion and Galaxy Star Formation
• IZI: Inferring the Gas Phase Metallicity (Z) and Ionization Parameter (q) of Ionized Nebulae using Bayesian Statistics
• Fast outflows and star formation quenching in quasar host galaxies
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Nature, ISM properties, and ionizing spectra of CIII]1909 emitters at z=2-4
• The MOSDEF survey: a stellar mass-SFR-metallicity relation exists at $z\sim 2.3$
• "Direct" Gas-Phase Metallicity in Local Analogs of High-Redshift Galaxies: Empirical Metallicity Calibrations for High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• The MOSDEF Survey: Direct Observational Constraints on the Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency, ${\xi }_{\mathrm{ion}}$, at z~2
• Gravitational lensing reveals ionizing ultraviolet photons escaping from a distant galaxy
• The evolution of metallicity and metallicity gradients from z=2.7-0.6 with KMOS3D
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at z~1.6. IV: Excitation state and chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium
• A Consistent Study of Metallicity Evolution at 0.8 < z < 2.6
• Measuring the Physical Conditions in High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies: Insights from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and Direct Collapse Black Holes in the early universe
• The search for active black holes in nearby low-mass galaxies using optical and mid-IR data
• A Coherent Study of Emission Lines from Broad-Band Photometry: Specific Star-Formation Rates and [OIII]/Hβ Ratio at 3 < z < 6
• A spectroscopic search for AGN activity in the reionization era
• A Critical Look at the Mass-Metallicity-SFR Relation in the Local Universe. I. An Improved Analysis Framework and Confounding Systematics
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): the origin of disk turbulence in z~0.9 star-forming galaxies
• A higher efficiency of converting gas to stars push galaxies at z ~ 1.6 well above the star-forming main sequence
• Discovering AGN-driven winds through their infrared emission: II. Mass outflow rate and energetics
• Identifying AGNs in low-mass galaxies via long-term optical variability
• A Hard Ionizing Spectrum in z=3-4 Ly-alpha Emitters with Intense [OIII] Emission: Analogs of Galaxies in the Reionization Era?
• Gas Fraction and Depletion Time of Massive Star Forming Galaxies at z~3.2: No Change in Global Star Formation Process out to z>3
• The Massive Ancient Galaxies At $z>3$ NEar-infrared (MAGAZ3NE) Survey: Confirmation of Extremely Rapid Star-Formation and Quenching Timescales for Massive Galaxies in the Early Universe
• The Mass-Metallicity-SFR Relation at z >~ 2 with 3D-HST
• EMPRESS. V. Metallicity Diagnostics of Galaxies over 12+log(O/H)=~6.9-8.9 Established by a Local Galaxy Census: Preparing for JWST Spectroscopy
• The impact of stars stripped in binaries on the integrated spectra of stellar populations
• GRB hosts through cosmic time - VLT/X-Shooter emission-line spectroscopy of 96 GRB-selected galaxies at 0.1 < z < 3.6
• Inferred Hα Flux as a Star-Formation Rate Indicator at z ~ 4-5: Implications for Dust Properties, Burstiness, and the z = 4-8 Star-Formation-Rate Functions
• Imprints of galaxy evolution on H ii regions Memory of the past uncovered by the CALIFA survey
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$ VI: Redshift and emission-line catalog and basic properties of star-forming galaxies
• On the origin of the fundamental metallicity relation and the scatter in galaxy scaling relations
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): rotational velocities and angular momentum of z~0.9 galaxies
• Synthetic nebular emission from massive galaxies I: origin of the cosmic evolution of optical emission-line ratios
• Localized starbursts in dwarf galaxies produced by impact of low metallicity cosmic gas clouds
• Spatially resolved electron density in the Narrow Line Region of z<0.02 radio AGNs
• The MOSDEF survey: AGN multi-wavelength identification, selection biases and host galaxy properties
• Probing Cosmic Dawn with Emission Lines: Predicting Infrared and Nebular Line Emission for ALMA and JWST
• Gas-phase metallicity gradients of TNG50 star-forming galaxies
• The Rest-Frame Optical Spectroscopic Properties of Ly$\alpha$-Emitters at $z\sim 2.5$: The Physical Origins of Strong Ly$\alpha$ Emission
• Shocked POststarbust Galaxy Survey I: Candidate Poststarbust Galaxies with Emission Line Ratios Consistent with Shocks
• Measures of galaxy dust and gas mass with Herschel photometry and prospects for ALMA
• Mid-Infrared Colors of Dwarf Galaxies: Young Starbursts Mimicking Active Galactic Nuclei
• The COSMOS [OII] Survey: Evolution of Electron Density with Star Formation Rate
• Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. I. Spatially Resolved Mass Outflow Rates for the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Markarian 573
• The mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relations at z>2 using VLT and Subaru near-infrared spectroscopy of zCOSMOS galaxies
• JADES: Detecting [OIII]$\lambda 4363$ Emitters and Testing Strong Line Calibrations in the High-$z$ Universe with Ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec Spectroscopy up to $z\sim 9.5$
• Bubbles and outflows: the novel JWST/NIRSpec view of the z=1.59 obscured quasar XID2028
• A Candidate Massive Black Hole in the Low-metallicity Dwarf Galaxy Pair Mrk 709
• First Sample of H$\alpha$+[O III] $\lambda$5007 Line Emitters at $z>6$ Through JWST/NIRCam Slitless Spectroscopy: Physical Properties and Line Luminosity Functions
• Stars were born in significantly denser regions in the early Universe
• The SINFONI survey of powerful radio galaxies at z~2: Jet-driven AGN feedback during the Quasar Era
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: The Interplay Between Massive Stars and Ionized Gas in High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• A Tight Relation Between N/O Ratio and Galaxy Stellar Mass Can Explain the Evolution of Strong Emission Line Ratios with Redshift
• The mass-metallicity relation at z~1.4 revealed with Subaru/FMOS
• Temperature-based metallicity measurements at z=0.8: direct calibration of strong-line diagnostics at intermediate redshift
• Starburst-AGN mixing: II. Optically-selected active galaxies
• Hot gas around SN 1998bw: Inferring the progenitor from its environment
• Testing metallicity indicators at z~1.4 with the gravitationally lensed galaxy CASSOWARY 20
• Synthetic nebular emission from massive galaxies II: ultraviolet-line diagnostics of dominant ionizing sources
• The MOSDEF survey: a census of AGN-driven ionized outflows at $z=1.4-3.8$
• The Metal Abundances across Cosmic Time ($\mathcal{M}\mathcal{A}\mathcal{C}\mathcal{T}$) Survey. II. Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation over 8 Billion Years, using [OIII]$\lambda$4363Å-based Metallicities
• Nebular Excitation in z~2 Star-forming Galaxies from the SINS and LUCI Surveys: The Influence of Shocks and AGN
• Stellar feedback as the origin of an extended molecular outflow in a starburst galaxy
• Extremely Metal-Poor Representatives Explored by the Subaru Survey (EMPRESS). I. A Successful Machine Learning Selection of Metal-Poor Galaxies and the Discovery of a Galaxy with M*<10^6 M_sun and 0.016 Z_sun
• "Direct" Gas-phase Metallicities, Stellar Properties, and Local Environments of Emission-line Galaxies at Redshift below 0.90
• An early phase of environmental effects on galaxy properties unveiled by near-infrared spectroscopy of protocluster galaxies at z>2
• Massive Compact Galaxies with High-Velocity Outflows: Morphological Analysis and Constraints on AGN Activity
• On the Mass-Metallicity-Star Formation Rate Relation for Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• The THESAN project: predictions for multi-tracer line intensity mapping in the epoch of reionization
• Metal deficiency in cluster star-forming galaxies at z=2
• The MOSDEF Survey: Detection of [OIII]$\lambda$4363 and the direct-method oxygen abundance of a star-forming galaxy at z=3.08
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Refining Strong Line Diagnostic Classifications Using Spatially Resolved Gas Dynamics
• The nebular emission of star-forming galaxies in a hierarchical universe
• Evolution of N/O Abundance Ratios and Ionization Parameters from z~0 to 2 Investigated by the Direct Temperature Method
• A rise in the ionizing photons in star-forming galaxies over the past 5 billion years
• Starburst-AGN mixing: I. NGC 7130
• Finding Rare AGN: XMM-Newton and Chandra Observations of SDSS Stripe 82
• KMOS-3D Reveals Low-Level Star Formation Activity in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at 0.7 < z < 2.7
• Near-Infrared MOSFIRE Spectra of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at 0.2<z<4
• The Limitations of Optical Spectroscopic Diagnostics in Identifying AGNs in the Low Mass Regime
• A Magnified View of the Kinematics and Morphology of RCSGA 032727-132609: Zooming in on a Merger at z=1.7
• The Post-Starburst Evolution of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies
• A Catalog of 406 AGNs in MaNGA: A Connection between Radio-mode AGN and Star Formation Quenching
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: The Connection Between Massive Stars and Ionized Gas in Individual Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• The Nature of H$\beta +$[O{\sc iii}] and [O{\sc ii}] emitters to $z\sim 5$ with HiZELS: stellar mass functions and the evolution of EWs
• Low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies as analogues of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Interpreting high [O III]/Hbeta ratios with maturing starbursts
• The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): Spatially Resolved Gas-Phase Metallicity Distributions in Barred and Unbarred Spirals
• A New Diagnostic to Separate Line Emission from Star Formation, Shocks, and AGN Simultaneously in IFU Data
• A Recalibration of Strong Line Oxygen Abundance Diagnostics via the Direct Method and Implications for the High Redshift Universe
• Slow-then-rapid quenching as traced by tentative evidence for enhanced metallicities of cluster galaxies at z~0.2 in the slow quenching phase
• Black hole mass estimation for Active Galactic Nuclei from a new angle
• A diagnostic tool for the identification of Supernova Remnants
• Exploring Systematic Effects in the Relation Between Stellar Mass, Gas Phase Metallicity, and Star Formation Rate
• The MOSDEF Survey: Metallicity Dependence of the PAH Emission at High Redshift and Implications for 24 micron-inferred IR Luminosities and Star Formation Rates at z~2
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Anomalously low metallicity regions in MaNGA star-forming galaxies: Accretion Caught in Action?
• The Hunt for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in the JWST Era
• Local Analogs for High-redshift Galaxies: Resembling the Physical Conditions of the Interstellar Medium in High-redshift Galaxies
• Separating Line Emission from Star Formation, Shocks, and AGN Ionisation in NGC 1068
• Star Forming Galaxies as AGN Imposters? A Theoretical Investigation of the Mid-infrared Colors of AGNs and Extreme Starbursts
• Chronos and Kairos: Mosfire Observations of Post-Starburst Galaxies in z~1 Clusters and Groups
• Spatially resolved integral field spectroscopy of the ionized gas in IZw18
• Retired galaxies: not to be forgotten in the quest of the star formation -- AGN connection
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• SINFONI-HiZELS: The dynamics, merger rates & metallicity gradients of `typical' star-forming galaxies at $z$ = 0.8-2.2
• SDSS-IV eBOSS Spectroscopy of X-ray and WISE AGN in Stripe 82X: Overview of the Demographics of X-ray and Mid-Infrared Selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Extreme Emission-Line Galaxies in SDSS. I. Empirical and model-based calibrations of chemical abundances
• Stellar Mass--Gas-phase Metallicity Relation at $0.5\le z\le 0.7$: A Power Law with Increasing Scatter toward the Low-mass Regime
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: Investigating the Origin of the Elevated Electron Densities in Star-Forming Galaxies at $1\lesssim z\lesssim 3$
• The Effect of AGN on the Global HI Content of Isolated Low-Mass Galaxies
• The Diagnostic Potential of JWST in Characterizing Elusive AGNs
• A Giant Intragroup Nebula Hosting a Damped Lya Absorber at z=0.313
• Calibrating Interstellar Abundances using SNR Radiative Shocks
• The MOSDEF Survey: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Rest-optical Emission-line Properties of $z\sim 2.3$ Star-forming Galaxies
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: XII. MgII emission and absorption in star-forming galaxies
• Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission
• EMPRESS. II. Highly Fe-Enriched Metal-poor Galaxies with $\sim 1.0$ (Fe/O)${}_{\odot }$ and $0.02$ (O/H)${}_{\odot }$ : Possible Traces of Super Massive ($>300M_{\odot }$) Stars in Early Galaxies
• Metal-poor, Strongly Star-Forming Galaxies in the DEEP2 Survey: The Relationship between Stellar Mass, Temperature-based Metallicity, and Star Formation Rate
• WARPFIELD-EMP: The Self-Consistent Prediction of Emission Lines from Evolving HII Regions in Dense Molecular Clouds
• Black Hole Growth and Feedback in Isolated Romulus25 Dwarf Galaxies
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Starbursts in the main sequence reveal compact star formation regulating galaxy evolution prequenching
• The Bright and Dark Sides of High-Redshift starburst galaxies from {\it Herschel} and {\it Subaru} observations
• RAMSES-RTZ: Non-Equilibrium Metal Chemistry and Cooling Coupled to On-The-Fly Radiation Hydrodynamics
• The environment of the SN-less GRB 111005A at z = 0.0133
• The mass-metallicity relation at z~1-2 and its dependence on star formation rate
• The MOSDEF survey: the prevalence and properties of galaxy-wide AGN-driven outflows at $z\sim 2$
• The Host Galaxies of Rapidly Evolving Transients in the Dark Energy Survey
• The ionisation parameter of star-forming galaxies evolves with the specific star formation rate
• The many faces of LINER-like galaxies: a WISE view
• Rest-Frame Optical Emission Lines in z~3.5 Lyman Break selected Galaxies: The Ubiquity of Unusually High [OIII]/Hbeta Ratios at 2 Gyr
• A Second Look at 12 Candidate Dual AGNs using $\mathtt{BAYMAX}$
• Outflows from active galactic nuclei: The BLR-NLR metallicity correlation
• Lyα emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• GA-NIFS: Early-stage feedback in a heavily obscured AGN at $z=4.76$
• Evidence of very low metallicity and high ionization state in a strongly lensed, star-forming dwarf galaxy at z=3.417
• What drives the velocity dispersion of ionized gas in star-forming galaxies?
• ZFOURGE: Using Composite Spectral Energy Distributions to Characterize Galaxy Populations at 1<z<4
• The mass-metallicity relation of zCOSMOS galaxies at z ~ 0.7, its dependence on SFR, and the existence of massive low-metallicity galaxies
• Ionized gas kinematics and chemical abundances of low-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3$
• Do Some AGN Lack X-ray Emission?
• Inferring gas-phase metallicity gradients of galaxies at the seeing limit: A forward modelling approach
• Galaxy emission line classification using 3D line ratio diagrams
• A strong He II $\lambda$1640 emitter with extremely blue UV spectral slope at $z=8.16$: presence of Pop III stars?
• CLASH-VLT: Strangulation of cluster galaxies in MACSJ0416.1-2403 as seen from their chemical enrichment
• The VANDELS survey: A strong correlation between Ly$\alpha$ equivalent width and stellar metallicity at $3\le \mathbf{z}\le 5$
• Properties of five z~0.3-0.4 confirmed LyC leakers: VLT/XShooter observations
• Optical and mid-infrared line emission in nearby Seyfert galaxies
• Comparison of Theoretical Starburst Photoionisation Models for Optical Diagnostics
• Tomographic Intensity Mapping versus Galaxy Surveys: Observing the Universe in H-alpha emission with new generation instruments
• Disentangling the physical parameters of gaseous nebulae and galaxies
• The Detection of [O III]$\lambda$4363 in a Lensed, Dwarf Galaxy at $z$ = 2.59: Testing Metallicity Indicators and Scaling Relations at High Redshift and Low Mass
• Local anti-correlation between star-formation rate and gas-phase metallicity in disk galaxies
• The MOSDEF Survey: Environmental dependence of the gas-phase metallicity of galaxies at $1.4\le z\le 2.6$
• Chemical Abundances in Active Galaxies
• Z-FIRE: ISM properties of the z = 2.095 COSMOS Cluster
• The BPT Diagram in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations: Understanding the Physics Driving Offsets at High-Redshift
• SUPER V. ALMA continuum observations of z~2 AGN and the elusive evidence of outflows influencing star formation
• The MOSDEF Survey: Neon as a Probe of ISM Physical Conditions at High Redshift
• A comparison of UV and optical metallicities in star-forming galaxies
• Physical conditions of the interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies at z~1.5
• Broad-band selection, spectroscopic identification, and physical properties of a population of extreme emission line galaxies at 3<z<3.7
• EMPRESS. VII. Ionizing Spectrum Shapes of Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies: Uncovering the Origins of Strong HeII and the Impact on Cosmic Reionization
• Resolved Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly Lensed z=2.26 Galaxy SDSS J0901+1814
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: a new method to estimate molecular gas surface densities from star formation rates
• Galaxy clustering dependence on the $\left[\mathrm{O}\mathrm{II}\right]$ emission line luminosity in the local Universe
• On R-W1 as A Diagnostic to Discover Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Wide-Area X-ray Surveys
• Gas outflows in two recently quenched galaxies at z = 4 and 7
• Correlation between the gas-phase metallicity and ionization parameter in extragalactic HII regions
• Changing Ionization Conditions in SDSS Galaxies with AGN as a Function of Environment from Pairs to Clusters
• MUSE spectroscopy of the ULX NGC 1313 X-1: a shock-ionised bubble, an X-ray photoionised nebula, and two supernova remnants
• The average dust attenuation curve at z~1.3 based on HST grism surveys
• Mapping Seyfert and LINER Excitation Modes in the Inner kpc of NGC 3393
• Resolved Star Formation on Sub-galactic Scales in a Merger at z=1.7
• ZFIRE: Using H$\alpha$ equivalent widths to investigate the in situ initial mass function at z~2
• Reconstructing the observed ionizing photon production efficiency at z~2 using stellar population models
• Continuous Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators: Diagnostics for 0<z<3 Star Forming Galaxies
• Exploring Chemical Homogeneity in Dwarf Galaxies: A VLT-MUSE study of JKB 18
• Changing physical conditions in star-forming galaxies between redshifts 0 < z < 4: [OIII]/Hb evolution
• Lyman-Break Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ in the Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Function, Clustering and [OIII] Emission
• Simulating the infrared sky with a Spritz
• Starburst-AGN mixing: TYPHOON observations of NGC 1365, NGC 1068, and the effect of spatial resolution on the AGN fraction
• What Drives the Redshift Evolution of Strong Emission Line Ratios?
• IR SED and Dust Masses of Sub-solar Metallicity Galaxies at z~2.3
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. III. A massive lensing galaxy with a bottom-heavy stellar initial mass function at z=1.5
• The redshift selected sample of long gamma-ray burst host galaxies: the overall metallicity distribution at $z<0.4$
• What drives the scatter of local star-forming galaxies in the BPT diagrams? A Machine Learning based analysis
• Green Peas in X-rays
• Optical and JWST Mid-IR Emission Line Diagnostics for Simultaneous IMBH and Stellar Excitation in z~0 Dwarf Galaxies
• Bridging Optical and Far-Infrared Emission-Line Diagrams of Galaxies from Local to the Epoch of Reionization: Characteristic High [O III] 88 $\mu \mathrm{m}$/SFR at $z>6$
• A search for the afterglows, kilonovae, and host galaxies of two short GRBs: GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A
• AGN Feedback in Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon Traced by Ionized Gas Emission
• Star Formation and AGN Feedback in the Local Universe: Combining LOFAR and MaNGA
• VLT/XShooter spectroscopy of Lyman Break Analogs: direct method O/H abundances and nitrogen enhancements
• Predicting emission line fluxes and number counts of distant galaxies for cosmological surveys
• Interpreting the Ionization Sequence in Star-Forming Galaxy Emission-Line Spectra
• Complex central structures suggest complex evolutionary paths for barred S0 galaxies
• 3D-HST Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: Discrepancies in the Optical/UV Star Formation Rates
• The "Green Bean" Galaxy SDSS J224024.1--092748: Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo
• The Black Hole-Galaxy Connection: Interplay between Feedback, Obscuration, and Host Galaxy Substructure
• The interstellar medium in [OIII]-selected star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.2$
• Machine Learning Classifiers for Intermediate Redshift Emission Line Galaxies
• Mass-Metallicity Relation for Local Analogs of High-Redshift galaxies: Implications for the Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relations
• Theoretically Modelling Photoionized Regions with Fractal Geometry in Three Dimensions
• A Comparison of Rest-frame Ultraviolet and Optical Emission-Line Diagnostics in the Lensed Galaxy SDSS J1723+3411 at Redshift z=1.3293
• Correlation between SFR surface density and thermal pressure of ionized gas in local analogs of high-redshift galaxies
• Active Galactic Nuclei with a Low-Metallicity Narrow-Line Region
• Dust attenuation of the nebular regions and optical emission lines of $z\sim 2$ star-forming galaxies
• Classifying the full SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey using optical diagnostic diagrams: presentation of AGN catalogs in flexible apertures
• HII regions in CALIFA survey: II. The relation between their physical properties and galaxy evolution
• Starburst galaxies
• A Framework for Empirical Galaxy Phenomenology: The Scatter in Galaxy Ages and Stellar Metallicities
• Space Debris -- Optical Measurements
• CALIFA Spectroscopy of the Interacting Galaxy NGC 5394 (Arp 84): Starbursts, Enhanced [NII]6584 and Signs of Outflows and Shocks
• CDIM: Cosmic Dawn Intensity Mapper Final Report
• A merging pair of massive quiescent galaxies at $z=3.44$ in the Cosmic Vine
• Discovery of a lensed ultrabright submillimeter galaxy at z=2.0439
• Optical-NIR spectroscopy of the puzzling gamma-ray source 3FGL 1603.9-4903/PMN J1603-4904 with X-shooter
• JWST ERS Program Q3D: The pitfalls of virial BH mass constraints shown in a z = 3 quasar with an ultramassive host
• Emission-line diagnostics of HII regions using conditional Invertible Neural Networks
• Constraints from dwarf galaxies on black hole seeding and growth models with current and future surveys
• The role of gas kinematics in setting metallicity gradients at high redshift
• ZFIRE: Measuring Electron Density with [OII] as a function of environment at z = 1.62
• SUPER VII. Morphology and kinematics of H$\alpha$ emission in AGN host galaxies at Cosmic noon using SINFONI
• Unsupervised Classification of Galaxies. I. ICA feature selection
• The sign of active galactic nucleus quenching in a merger remnant with radio jets
• Euclid preparation. XXX. Performance assessment of the NISP Red-Grism through spectroscopic simulations for the Wide and Deep surveys
• A methodology to select galaxies just after the quenching of star formation
• UNCOVERing the High-redshift AGN Population among Extreme UV Line Emitters
• Investigating the physical properties of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization with MIRI/JWST spectroscopy
• The resolved chemical abundance properties within the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies at $\text{z}\approx 1.5$
• Radiation fields by intermediate-age stellar populations with binaries as ionizing sources of H II regions
• CLASH-VLT: Enhancement of (O/H) in z=0.35 RXJ 2248-4431 cluster galaxies
• Hardness of ionizing radiation fields in MaNGA star-forming galaxies
• EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST Search for Local and z~4-5 Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (EMPGs): Clustering and Chemical Properties of Local EMPGs
• Defying jet-gas alignment in two radio galaxies at z~2 with extended light profiles: Similarities to brightest cluster galaxies
• A Flat-Spectrum Radio Transient at 122 Mpc consistent with an Emerging Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Metal-THINGS: The association and optical characterization of SNRs with HI holes in NGC 6946
• Towards a More Complete Optical Census of Active Galactic Nuclei, Via Spatially-Resolved Spectroscopy
• The fundamental metallicity relation from SDSS (z~0) to VIPERS (z~0.7) Data selection or evolution
• The Local Star Formation Rate Surface Density And Metallicity Relation For Star-forming Galaxies
• Quantifying correlations between galaxy emission lines and stellar continua
• Modelling emission lines in star forming galaxies
• Spatially resolved signature of quenching in star-forming galaxies
• Artificial neural network based calibrations for the prediction of galactic [NII] $\lambda$ 6584 and H$\alpha$ line luminosities
• GA-NIFS: Mapping $z\simeq 3.5$ AGN-driven ionized outflows in the COSMOS field
• A Tale of Two Clusters: An Analysis of Gas-Phase Metallicity and Nebular Gas Conditions in Proto-cluster Galaxies at z~2
• The MOSDEF Survey: Calibrating the relationship between H$\alpha$ star-formation rate and radio continuum luminosity at $1.4<z<2.6$
• Multi-line assessment of narrow-line regions in $z\sim$ 3 radio galaxies
• A metal-rich elongated structure in the core of the group NGC4325
• A Spatially-Resolved Survey of Distant Quasar Host Galaxies: II. Photoionization and Kinematics of the ISM
• HII Region Metallicity Constraints Near the Site of the Strongly Lensed Supernova "SN Refsdal" at Redshift 1.49
• The Spatially Resolved Dynamics of Dusty Starburst Galaxies in a z ~ 0.4 Cluster: Beginning the Transition from Spirals to S0s
• AGN Triality of Triple Mergers: Multi-wavelength Classifications
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7<z<3.4$
• The Direct-Method Oxygen Abundance of Typical Dwarf Galaxies at Cosmic High-Noon
• Integral Field Spectroscopy of the circumnuclear region of the Radio Galaxy Pictor A
• MAMBO -- An empirical galaxy and AGN mock catalogue for the exploitation of future surveys
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a dust-obscured, metal-rich dwarf galaxy at z~5
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• New Methods of Identifying AGN in the Early Universe using Spectroscopy and Photometry in the JWST Era
• Emission Line Metallicities From The Faint Infrared Grism Survey and VLT/MUSE
• The effect of emission lines on the performance of photometric redshift estimation algorithms
• The MOSDEF Survey: Towards a Complete Census of the z ~ 2.3 Star-forming Galaxy Population
• Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Study of nearby Seyfert Galaxies: Implications for a Population of "Missed" Seyferts at High-$\text{z}$
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• Black hole mass of a quiescent galaxy hosting a Type 1 AGN at z=2.09: Implications for black hole - galaxy co-evolution and AGN quenching at high redshift
• The nebular properties of star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift from the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census
• Disentangling the physical origin of emission line ratio offsets at high redshift with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• Addressing the [O III]/H\b{eta} Offset of Dwarf Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds. II. Exploring the Parameter Space
• Disentangling AGN and Star Formation Activity at High Redshift Using Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy
• An Atlas of Star-Forming Galaxy Equivalent Widths
• First IFU observations of two GRB host galaxies at cosmic noon with JWST/NIRSpec
• Effect of cosmic rays and ionizing radiation on observational ultraviolet plasma diagnostics in the circumgalactic medium
• First joint absorption and T${}_e$-based metallicity measured in a GRB host galaxy at $z=4.28$ using JWST/NIRSpec
• GLACE survey: galaxy activity in ZwCl0024+1652 cluster from strong optical emission lines
• Testing the role of AGN on the star formation and metal enrichment of "twin galaxies"
• Physical Drivers of Emission Line Diversity of SDSS Seyfert 2s and LINERs After Removal of Contributions by Star Formation
• Capturing dual AGN activity and kiloparsec-scale outflows in IRAS 20210+1121
• A model for the emission line galaxy luminosity function and flux ratios at high-redshifts
• Evaluating star formation rates at z = 5
• Nitrogen abundances in star-forming galaxies 2.2 Gyr after the Big Bang are not elevated
• Resolved molecular gas and star-formation in massive unquenched spirals : I. UGC 8179
• EMU/GAMA: A new approach to characterising radio luminosity functions
• Challenges and Techniques for Simulating Line Emission
• Morpho-kinematics of MACS J0416.1-2403 low mass galaxies
• Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift