Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe

Abstract

Scaling relations between central black hole (BH) mass and host galaxy properties are of fundamental importance to studies of BH and galaxy evolution throughout cosmic time. Here we investigate the relationship between BH mass and host galaxy total stellar mass using a sample of 262 broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the nearby Universe (z < 0.055), as well as 79 galaxies with dynamical BH masses. The vast majority of our AGN sample is constructed using Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopy and searching for Seyfert-like narrow-line ratios and broad H-alpha emission. BH masses are estimated using standard virial techniques. We also include a small number of dwarf galaxies with total stellar masses M_stellar < 10^9.5 Msun and a sub-sample of the reverberation-mapped AGNs. Total stellar masses of all 341 galaxies are calculated in the most consistent manner feasible using color-dependent mass-to-light ratios. We find a clear correlation between BH mass and total stellar mass for the AGN host galaxies, with M_BH proportional to M_stellar, similar to that of early-type galaxies with dynamically-detected BHs. However, the relation defined by the AGNs has a normalization that is lower by more than an order of magnitude, with a BH-to-total stellar mass fraction of M_BH/M_stellar ~ 0.025% across the stellar mass range 10^8 < M_stellar/Msun < 10^12. This result has significant implications for studies at high redshift and cosmological simulations in which stellar bulges cannot be resolved.

Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 15 pages, 12 figures

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• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes
• A New Channel of Bulge Formation via The Destruction of Short Bars
• The Diverse Morphologies and Structures of Dwarf Galaxies Hosting Optically-Selected Active Massive Black Holes
• Piercing through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. Are Highly Obscured AGNs the Missing Link in the Merger-Triggered AGN-Galaxy Coevolution Models?
• JWST ERS Program Q3D: The pitfalls of virial BH mass constraints shown in a z = 3 quasar with an ultramassive host
• A systematic search for hidden type 1 AGNs: gas kinematics and scaling relations
• The Stellar Mass - Black Hole Mass Relation at $z\sim 2$ Down to ${\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{BH}}\sim 10^7{M}_{\odot }$ Determined by HETDEX
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). IV. Rapidly Growing (Super-)Massive Black Holes in Extremely Radio-Loud Galaxies
• A direct black hole mass measurement in a Little Red Dot at the Epoch of Reionization
• Consistency of JWST Black Hole Observations with NANOGrav Gravitational Wave Measurements
• AT 2023clx: the Faintest and Closest Optical Tidal Disruption Event Discovered in Nearby Star-forming Galaxy NGC 3799
• Impact of gas based seeding on supermassive black hole populations at $z\ge 7$
• Formation of the Little Red Dots from the Core-collapse of Self-interacting Dark Matter Halos
• The fast transient AT 2023clx in the nearby LINER galaxy NGC 3799 as a tidal disruption of a very low-mass star
• Evidence for non-merger co-evolution of galaxies and their supermassive black holes
• The Origin of Stars in the Inner 500 Parsecs in TNG50 Galaxies
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XIII. The nature of the most luminous obscured AGN in the low-redshift universe
• Revisiting the Extreme Clustering of $z\approx 4$ Quasars with Large Volume Cosmological Simulations
• An Accreting, Anomalously Low Mass Black Hole at the Center of Low Mass Galaxy IC 750
• The galaxy's gas content regulated by the dark matter halo mass results in a super-linear M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$-M${}_{\star }$ relation
• Jellyfish: Resolving the kinematics of extreme ram-pressure stripping at $z\sim 0.3$
• The warm outer layer of a Little Red Dot as the source of [Fe II] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings
• Generation of gravitational waves and tidal disruptions in clumpy galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Incidence of Major Mergers in type I and II AGN Host Galaxies in the DR15 sample
• Impact of Resonance, Raman, and Thomson Scattering on Hydrogen Line Formation in Little Red Dots
• X-Ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Local Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from eROSITA
• Discovery and Follow-up of ASASSN-23bd (AT 2023clx): The Lowest Redshift and Least Luminous Tidal Disruption Event To Date
• Cosmic evolution of black hole-spin and galaxy orientations: clues from the NewHorizon and Galactica simulations
• Light-Curve Structure and Halpha Line Formation in the Tidal Disruption Event AT 2019azh
• An X-ray Census of Fast Radio Burst Host Galaxies: Constraints on AGN and X-ray Counterparts
• Simulations of black hole fueling in isolated and merging galaxies with an explicit, multiphase ISM
• Merger Histories and Environments of Dwarf AGN in IllustrisTNG
• The role of gravitational recoil in the assembly of massive black hole seeds
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation -- XVIII. The high-redshift evolution of black holes and their host galaxies
• A catalogue sample of low mass galaxies observed in X-rays with central candidate black holes
• The X-ray Properties of Million Solar Mass Black Holes
• The impact of magnetic fields on cosmological galaxy mergers -- II. Modified angular momentum transport and feedback
• Do you see what I see? Exploring the consequences of luminosity limits in black hole-galaxy evolution studies
• The LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey Data Release 2: Probabilistic Spectral Source Classifications and Faint Radio Source Demographics
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Implications of Increased Central Mass Surface Densities for the Quenching of Low-mass Galaxies
• Weighing the IMBH candidate CO-0.40-0.22* in the Galactic Centre
• Testing the fidelity of simulations of black hole - galaxy co-evolution at z ~ 1.5 with observations
• Ultramassive black holes formed by triple quasar mergers at $z\sim 2$
• Evidence for an accreting massive black hole in He 2-10 from adaptive optics integral field spectroscopy
• Multiwavelength Scrutiny of X-ray Sources in Dwarf Galaxies: ULXs versus AGN
• The Discovery of a Hidden Broad Line AGN in a Bulgeless Galaxy: Keck NIR Spectroscopic Observations of SDSS J085153.64+392611.76
• A Flat-Spectrum Radio Transient at 122 Mpc consistent with an Emerging Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics: Parameter Explorations
• Discovery of a strong ionized-gas outflow in an AKARI-selected Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxy at z = 0.5
• Astrometric microlensing
• Bringing faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to light: a view from large-scale cosmological simulations
• Tracing the co-evolution path of super massive black holes and spheroids with AKARI-selected ultra-luminous IR galaxies at intermediate redshifts
• An Effective Selection Method for Low-Mass Active Black Holes and First Spectroscopic Identification
• Running Late: Testing Delayed Supermassive Black Hole Growth Models Against the Quasar Luminosity Function
• Galaxy Core Formation by Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: the Importance of Realistic Initial Conditions and Galaxy Morphology
• JADES reveals a large population of low mass black holes at high redshift
• Predicting the black hole mass and correlations in X-ray reverberating AGN using neural networks
• Probing supermassive black hole seed scenarios with gravitational wave measurements
• Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star-formation rate in low-redshift galaxies
• Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
• Concordance between observations and simulations in the evolution of the mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Probing the Delay Time of Supermassive Black Hole Binary Mergers With Gravitational Waves
• An Ultraluminous Supersoft Source in a Dwarf Galaxy of Abell 85: An Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidate
• X-ray AGN in Boötes: The lack of growth of the most massive black holes since z=4
• HSC-XD 52: An X-ray detected AGN in a low-mass galaxy at $z\sim 0.56$
• The rate of extreme coronal line emitting galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and their relation to tidal disruption events
• Active galactic nuclei-heated dust revealed in "little red dots"
• The relation between globular cluster systems and supermassive black holes in spiral galaxies III. The link to the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\ast }$ correlation
• Rapid Growth of Galactic Supermassive Black Holes through Accreting Giant Molecular Clouds during Major Mergers of their Host Galaxies
• SCAT Uncovers ATLAS's First Tidal Disruption Event ATLAS18mlw: A Faint and Fast TDE in a Quiescent Balmer Strong Galaxy
• Constraining the Low-Mass End of the Black Hole Mass Function and the Active Fraction of the Intermediate-mass Black Holes
• COALAS III: The ATCA CO(1-0) look at the growth and death of H$\alpha$ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• The properties of primordially-seeded black holes and their hosts in the first billion years: implications for JWST
• Supermassive Black Hole Demographics: Evading $M-\sigma$
• A big red dot at cosmic noon
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Revealing Less Massive Black Holes in High-Redshift Galaxies
• Dark Energy Survey Identification of A Low-Mass Active Galactic Nucleus at Redshift 0.823 from Optical Variability
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• Outflows in the Gaseous Discs of Active Galaxies and their impact on Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Do gas clouds in narrow-line regions of Seyfert galaxies come from their nuclei?
• Predictions for LISA and PTA based on SHARK galaxy simulations
• The VMC Survey -- XLIX. Discovery of a population of quasars dominated by nuclear dust emission behind the Magellanic Clouds
• Over-massive Central Black Holes in the Cosmological Simulations ASTRID and Illustris TNG50
• Flaires: A Comprehensive Catalog of Dust-Echo-like Infrared Flares
• Not all peaks are created equal: the early growth of Supermassive Black Holes
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Green Pea Galaxies (IMBH-GP) I: a Candidate Sample from LAMOST and SDSS
• Wandering and escaping: recoiling massive black holes in cosmological simulations
• Ultraviolet Spectral Evidence for Ansky as a Slowly Evolving Featureless Tidal Disruption Event with Quasiperiodic Eruptions
• Extreme Tidal Stripping May Explain the Overmassive Black Hole in Leo I: a Proof of Concept
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• The ASTRID Simulation at z=0: From Massive Black Holes to Large-scale Structure
• An Eddington ratio-driven origin for the ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{X}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\ast }$ relation in quiescent and star forming active galaxies
• Disentangling the co-evolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes with PRIMA
• COSMOS2020: Investigating the AGN-obscured accretion phase at $z\sim 1$ via [NeV] selection
• Is GN-z11 powered by a super-Eddington massive black hole?
• On the detectability of massive black hole merger eventsby LISA
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Optical Variability of Broad-line Dwarf AGNs from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei
• Overmassive black holes in the early Universe can be explained by gas-rich, dark matter-dominated galaxies
• Relativistic scattering of a fast spinning neutron star by a massive black hole
• Probing gaseous halos of galaxies with radio jets
• Diverse dark matter profiles in FIRE dwarfs: black holes, cosmic rays and the cusp-core enigma
• The Success of Optical Variability in Uncovering AGNs in Low-stellar Mass Galaxies
• Gravitational Waves from Massive Black Hole Mergers in ASTRID: Predictions for LISA
• Evidence for a steeper SMBH-Bulge mass relationship extended to low masses using TDE host galaxies
• Evolution of black hole and galaxy growth in a semi-numerical galaxy formation model
• Correlations of the feedback energy and BCG radio luminosity in galaxy clusters
• The Lost Dwarfs of Centaurus A and the Formation of its Dark Globular Clusters
• The Evolution of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in the Nearby Universe II: The star-formation activity and the Stellar Mass from Spectral Energy Distribution
• Mass Reconstruction of Galaxy-scale Strong Gravitational Lenses Using a Broken Power-law Model
• The X-shaped radio galaxy J0725+5835 is associated with an AGN pair
• What is the origin of the JWST SMBHs?
• On the Structure of the AGN Torus through the Fraction of Optically-Selected Type 1 AGNs
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Very Large Array Multi-band Radio Imaging of the Triple AGN Candidate SDSS J0849+1114
• Multiple AGN activity during the BCG assembly of XDCPJ0044.0-2033 at z~1.6
• Black Hole Scaling Relations in the Dwarf-galaxy Regime with $Gaia$-Sausage/Enceladus and $\omega$Centauri
• Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Stellar and Black Hole Mass Densities as Empirical Tracers of Co-evolution Show Lock-step Growth since $z\sim 3$
• The relationship of SMBHs and host galaxies at $z<4$ in the deep optical variability-selected AGN sample in the COSMOS field
• The Properties of Nuclear Star Clusters and their Host Galaxies
• The role of scatter and satellites in shaping the large-scale clustering of X-ray AGN as a function of host galaxy stellar mass
• Velocity offset between emission and absorption lines might be an effective indicator of dual core system
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Identification and Multiwavelength Properties of Type-1 AGN in the DR15 sample
• The dark side of early galaxies: $\text{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim 4-6$
• The miniJPAS & J-NEP surveys: Identification and characterization of the Ly$\alpha$ Emitter population and the Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function
• Central accumulation of magnetic flux in massive Seyfert galaxies as a possible engine to trigger ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• Exploring the environment, magnetic fields, and feedback effects of massive high-redshift galaxies with [CII]
• The Noctua Suite of Simulations -- The Difficulty of Growing Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Dwarf Galaxies
• The contribution of supermassive black holes in stripped nuclei to the supermassive black hole population of UCDs and galaxy clusters
• A LOFAR sample of luminous compact sources coincident with nearby dwarf galaxies
• X-ray Properties of Optically Variable Low-mass AGN Candidates
• A comprehensive radio study of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• The COS-Holes Survey: Connecting Galaxy Black Hole Mass with the State of the CGM
• Deep Hubble Space Telescope Imaging on the Extended Ly$\alpha$ Emission of a QSO at $z=2.19$ with Damped Lyman Alpha System as a Natural Coronagraph
• Black hole mass of a quiescent galaxy hosting a Type 1 AGN at z=2.09: Implications for black hole - galaxy co-evolution and AGN quenching at high redshift
• The Host Galaxy of a Dormant, Overmassive Black Hole at $z=6.7$ May Be Restarting Star Formation
• A Flaring AGN In a ULIRG candidate in Stripe 82
• the impact of the AGN and the torus properties on the evolution of spiral galaxies
• Shedding the envelope: JWST reveals a kiloparsec-scale [OIII]-weak Balmer shell around a z=7.64 quasar
• Insights from the "Red devil" AT 2022fpx: A Dust-reddened Family of Tidal Disruption Events Excluded by Their Apparent Red Color?
• Constraints on dynamically-formed massive black holes in Little Red Dots from X-ray non-detections
• Gas excitation in galaxies and active galactic nuclei with He IIλ4686 and X-ray emission
• Constraining black hole-galaxy scaling relations from the large-scale clustering of Active Galactic Nuclei and implied mean radiative efficiency
• X-ray Unveiling Events in a z~1.6 Active Galactic Nucleus in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• Probing the rapid formation of black holes and their galaxy hosts in QSOs
• Intrinsic and Environmental Effects on the Distribution of Star Formation in TNG100 Galaxies
• No Significant Redshift Evolution in the Intrinsic Scatter of the $M_{\bullet }$-$M_{\star }$ Relation for Overmassive Black Holes
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• Bright siren without electromagnetic counterpart by LISA-Taiji-TianQin network
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• NICER observations reveal doubled timescales in Ansky's quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs)
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• Revisiting the unification of tidal disruption events with polarimetry
• A Spatially Resolved Evolutionary Sequence of Multi-wavelength AGN Host Galaxies
• The Cliff: A Metal-Poor Little Red Dot Hosting an Overmassive Black Hole at $z=3.55$
• Robust AGN and host-galaxy decomposition in optical spectral fitting
• A Recent Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Galactic Center Unveiled by the Hypervelocity Stars
• The early Universe with JWST and ALMA
• Variability as a new discovery channel for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Time Domain Era
• The Morphology of Dwarf Galaxies Hosting Variable Active Galactic Nuclei
• In Search of the Biggest Bangs since the Big Bang
• Photometric variability in star-forming galaxies as evidence for low-mass AGN and a precursor to quenching
• Method for Determining AGN Accretion Phase in Field Galaxies
• Gravitational Wave Memory Imprints on the CMB from Populations of Massive Black Hole Mergers
• Toward measuring the spin of obscured supermassive black holes: a critical assessment with disk megamasers
• Identifying Long Radio Transients with Accompanying X-Ray Emission as Disk-Jet Precessing Black Holes: The Case of ASKAP J1832-0911
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• On the signature of black holes on the quenched stellar mass function
• A population of luminous globular clusters and stripped nuclei with elevated mass to light ratios around NGC 5128
• It is Feasible to Directly Measure Black Hole Masses in the First Galaxies
• The Connection between Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies and the First Massive Quenched Galaxies
• The implications of overmassive black holes at $z>5$ for quasar and black hole growth
• Investigating the residuals in the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\ast }$ relation using the SIMBA cosmological simulation
• AGN with massive black holes have closer galactic neighbors: k-Nearest-Neighbor statistics of an unbiased sample of AGN at z~0.03
• A Search for Wandering Black Holes in the Milky Way with Gaia and DECaLS
• Revised event rates for extreme and extremely large mass-ratio inspirals
• X-ray properties of massive compact relic galaxies
• Early emission characterization of TDE 2025aarm
• Updated predictions for gravitational wave emission from TDEs for next generation observatories
• Discovery of low-redshift analogues to "Little Red Dots" in DESI: A later evolutionary stage of compact LRDs?
• Overmassive and Undermassive Massive Black Holes: The Role of Environment and Gravitational-Wave Recoils
• A search for H${}_2$O masers in 100 active dwarf galaxies
• Formation of A Nuclear Star Cluster Through A Merger Event In The Low Surface Brightness Galaxy AGC 223218
• AT 2021hdr: A candidate tidal disruption of a gas cloud by a binary super massive black hole system
• BASS XXX: Distribution Functions of DR2 Eddington-ratios, Black Hole Masses, and X-ray Luminosities
• A Near-Infrared look at AGN Feedback in Bulgeless Galaxies
• Tips learned from panchromatic modeling of AGNs
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• Detection of Anisotropies in the Circumgalactic Medium of Disk Galaxies: Supermassive Black Hole Activity or Star Formation-driven Outflows?
• Capturing dual AGN activity and kiloparsec-scale outflows in IRAS 20210+1121
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Hyperluminous Supersoft X-Ray Sources in the Chandra Catalog
• When Stars Mimic Monsters: Spectral Evidence for an $\eta$ Carinae-like Giant Eruption in SBS 0335$-$052 E
• The role of AGN activity in the building up of the BCG at z~1.6
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• The Drivers of the Decline in Supermassive Black Hole Growth at $z<2$
• Insights for Early Massive Black Hole Growth from JWST Detection of the [Ne v] λ3427 Emission Line
• Fueling, Evolution, and Diversity of AGN in Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from Star Formation and Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Black Hole-Galaxy Correlations in Cluster Zoomed-in Simulations: GIZMO-SIMBA and TNG-Cluster
• AT2019ijn: a fast-rising, slow-decaying blue optical transient with exceptionally bright radio emission
• Nuclear Activity and Host Galaxy Properties of Low-Luminosity AGN Identified from VLA Observations
• Black hole mass, host galaxy mass, and dark matter halos: Testing the environmental connection
• HOLESOM: Constraining the Properties of Slowly-Accreting Massive Black Holes with Self-Organizing Maps
• The nature of the X-ray sources in dwarf galaxies in nearby clusters from the KIWICS
• Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift
• Enhanced activity in close dual-AGN systems in the local Universe
• AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• The Structure and Evolution of LRDs: Insights from JWST NIRSpec Medium and High Resolution Spectroscopy at $z\sim 4$
• Early results in the search for extreme coronal line emitters with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
• High-$z$ Universe probed via Lensing by QSOs (HULQ) II. Deep GMOS spectroscopy of a QSO lens candidate
• Exploring supermassive black hole physics and galaxy quenching across halo mass in FIRE cosmological zoom simulations
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• A Comprehensive JWST/NIRSpec Census of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei: Faint, Low-mass Accretors and a Population of Little Red Dots
• On the quenching of star formation in observed and simulated central galaxies: Evidence for the role of integrated AGN feedback
• Black Hole merger rates in the first billion years in light of JWST data