The MBHBM${}^{\star }$ Project -- II. Molecular Gas Kinematics in the Lenticular Galaxy NGC 3593 Reveal a Supermassive Black Hole

Abstract

As part of the Measuring Black Holes in Below Milky Way-mass (M${}^{\star }$) galaxies (MBHBM${}^{\star }$) Project, we present a dynamical measurement of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass in the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC 3593, using cold molecular gas ${}^{12}$CO(2-1) emission observed at an angular resolution of $\approx 0^{\prime \prime }.3$ ($\approx 10$ pc) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Our ALMA observations reveal a circumnuclear molecular gas disc (CND) elongated along the galaxy major axis and rotating around the SMBH. Using dynamical modelling, the molecular gas kinematics allow us to infer a SMBH mass $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=2.40_{-1.05}^{+1.87}\times 10^6$ M${}_{\odot }$ (only statistical uncertainties at the $3\sigma$ level). We also detect a massive core of cold molecular gas (CMC) of mass $M_{\mathrm{CMC}}=(5.4\pm 1.2)\times 10^6$ M${}_{\odot }$ and effective (half-mass) radius $r_{\mathrm{CMC},\mathrm{e}}=11.2\pm 2.8$ pc, co-spatial with a nuclear star cluster (NSC) of mass $M_{\mathrm{NSC}}=(1.67\pm 0.48)\times 10^7$ M${}_{\odot }$ and effective radius $r_{\mathrm{NSC},\mathrm{e}}=5.0\pm 1.0$~pc (or $0^{\prime \prime }.15\pm 0^{\prime \prime }.03$). The mass profiles of the CMC and NSC are well described by Sérsic functions with indices $1-1.4$. Our $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{NSC}}$ estimates for NGC 3593 agree well with the recently compiled $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{NSC}}$ scaling relation. Although the $M_{\mathrm{NSC}}$ uncertainty is twice the inferred $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$, the rapid central rise of the rotation velocities of the CND (as the radius decreases) clearly suggests a SMBH. Indeed, our dynamical models show that even if $M_{\mathrm{NSC}}$ is at the upper end of its allowed range, the evidence for a black hole does not vanish, but remains with a lower limit of $M_{\mathrm{BH}}>3\times 10^5$ M${}_{\odot }$.

27 pages, 18 Figures, 8 Tables. Accepted to MNRAS

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