Efficient Multi-Gaussian Expansion of galaxies

Abstract

We describe a simple, efficient, robust and fully automatic algorithm for the determination of a Multi-Gaussian Expansion (MGE) fit to galaxy images, to be used as a parametrization for the galaxy stellar surface brightness. In most cases the least-squares solution found by this method essentially corresponds to the minimax, constant relative error, MGE approximation of the galaxy surface brightness, with the chosen number of Gaussians. The algorithm is well suited to be used with multiple resolution images (e.g., Hubble Space Telescope [HST] and ground-based). It works orders of magnitude faster and is more accurate than currently available methods. An alternative, more computing intensive, fully linear algorithm, that is guaranteed to converge to the smallest Chi^2 solution, is also discussed. Examples of MGE fits are presented for objects with HST or ground-based photometry, including galaxies with significant isophote twist.

11 pages, 13 figures, LaTeX, to be published in MNRAS; software implementing the methods described in this paper is available at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~mcappell/idl

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• Comparing Lensing and Stellar Orbital Models of a Nearby Massive Strong-Lens Galaxy
• The Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 5273 from Stellar Dynamical Modeling
• Unveiling a 36 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole at the Centre of the Cosmic Horseshoe Gravitational Lens
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• Bayesian bulge-disc decomposition of galaxy images
• Universal bimodality in kinematic morphology and the divergent pathways to galaxy quenching
• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• LEGA-C: analysis of dynamical masses from ionized gas and stellar kinematics at z~0.8
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Dynamical mass distribution and velocity structure of the Galactic centre
• The kinematic bimodality: Efficient feedback and cold gas deficiency in slow-rotating galaxies
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Trends in [α/Fe] as a Function of Morphology and Environment
• A spiral galaxy's mass distribution uncovered through lensing and dynamics
• NGC 7457: Evidence for merger-driven cylindrical rotation in disc galaxies
• An Oxford SWIFT Integral Field Spectroscopy study of 14 early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster
• Diagnostics of inhomogeneous stellar jets: Convolution effects and data reconstruction
• WISDOM Project -- XIX. Figures of merit for supermassive black hole mass measurements using molecular gas and/or megamaser kinematics
• WISDOM Project -- XXII. A 5% precision CO-dynamical supermassive black hole mass measurement in the galaxy NGC 383
• On the kinematic nature of apparent discs at high redshifts: Local counterparts are not dominated by ordered rotation but by tangentially anisotropic random motion
• Total mass slopes and enclosed mass constrained by globular cluster system dynamics
• Shapes of dark matter haloes with discrete globular cluster dynamics: The example of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• The hyperplane of early-type galaxies: using stellar population properties to increase the precision and accuracy of the fundamental plane as a distance indicator
• Recovering the pattern speeds of edge-on barred galaxies via an orbit-superposition method
• Probing General Relativity in galactic scales at z $\sim 0.3$
• Non-parametric Deprojection of Surface Brightness Profiles of Galaxies in Generalised Geometries
• Kinematics of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies with large-scale ionised outflows
• TDCOSMO. XXIII. Measurement of the Hubble constant from the doubly lensed quasar HE1104-1805
• Distinguishing the formation paths of massive compact ETGs through their internal dynamical structures
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• NGC 5626: a massive fast rotator with a twist
• Measuring the mass of the supermassive black hole of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4546
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: The relationship between galaxy rotation and the motion of neighbours
• KDG 64: a large dwarf spheroidal or a small ultradiffuse satellite of Messier 81
• The "Little Dark Dot": Evidence for Self-interacting Dark Matter in the Strong Lens SDSS J0946+1006?
• MaNGA DynPop. VII. A Unified Bulge-Disk-Halo Model for Explaining Diversity in Circular Velocity Curves of 6000 Spiral and Early-Type Galaxies
• The Kaleidoscope Survey: Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters with Radial Arcs
• Maximally informed Bayesian modelling of disc galaxies
• The GECKOS survey: Jeans anisotropic models of edge-on discs uncover the impact of dust and kinematic structures
• Galaxy-scale lens search in the PEARLS NEP TDF and CEERS JWST fields
• Schwarzschild modeling of barred galaxies
• Kinematical Fluctuations Vary with Galaxy Surface Mass Density
• The SLUGGS survey: a new mask design to reconstruct the stellar populations and kinematics of both inner and outer galaxy regions
• The MOSDEF Survey: A New View of a Remarkable z=1.89 Merger
• Systematics in ETG Mass Profile Modelling: Strong Lensing & Stellar Dynamics
• DOPING: a New Non-parametric Deprojection Scheme
• A stellar dynamical mass measurement of an inactive black hole at redshift 2
• Orbit-based structural decomposition and stellar population recovery for edge-on barred galaxies
• Time delay measurements with Broken Power Law model
• A population of luminous globular clusters and stripped nuclei with elevated mass to light ratios around NGC 5128
• Multi-spin stellar velocity maps of the most massive galaxies
• Measuring the evolution of stellar bars with the host galaxy's spin
• Supermassive black holes in a mass-limited galaxy sample
• Evaluating the efficacy of a data cube treatment procedure for kinematic analyses: application to NGC 3115 and NGC 4699
• GALFITools: A Python library to enhance GALFIT usage in galaxy image modeling
• The vertical structure of the stellar disk in NGC 551
• A Salpeter IMF and an NFW halo: Disentangling the dark and stellar mass of an elliptical galaxy through precise lens modelling of a double-source-plane system
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically Detected Strong Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Candidates
• Cross-checking SMBH mass estimates in NGC 6958 -- I: Stellar dynamics from adaptive optics-assisted MUSE observations
• Kinematical small-scale fluctuations do not affect the measurement of the dynamical mass of galaxies
• Initial Mass Function for Massive Galaxies at z$\sim$1
• WISDOM Project -- XXVI. Cross-checking supermassive black hole mass estimates from ALMA CO gas kinematics and SINFONI stellar kinematics in the galaxy NGC 4751
• Deprojection of external barred galaxies from photometry
• Fornax 3D project: assessing the diversity of IMF and stellar population maps within the Fornax Cluster
• Resolved nuclear kinematics link the formation and growth of nuclear star clusters with the evolution of their early and late-type hosts