Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119

Abstract

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs; $M_{BH}\approx 10^{3-5}{M}_{\odot }$) play a critical role in understanding the formation of supermassive black holes in the early universe. In this study, we expand on Nguyen et al. simulated measurements of IMBH masses using stellar kinematics, which will be observed with the High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral (HARMONI) field spectrograph on the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) up to the distance of 20 Mpc. Our sample focuses on both the Virgo Cluster in the northern sky and the Fornax Cluster in the southern sky. We begin by identifying dwarf galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters, which are thought to be nurseries for IMBHs in the local universe. As a case study, we conduct simulations for FCC 119, the second faintest dwarf galaxies in the Fornax Cluster at 20 Mpc, which is also fainter than most of Virgo Cluster members. We use the galaxy's surface brightness profile from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, combined with an assumed synthetic spectrum, to create mock observations with the {\tt HSIM} simulator and Jeans Anisotropic Models (JAM). These mock HARMONI datacubes are analyzed as if they were real observations, employing JAM within a Bayesian framework to infer IMBH masses and their associated uncertainties. We find that ELT/HARMONI can detect the stellar kinematic signature of an IMBH and accurately measure its mass for $M_{BH}\gtrsim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ out to distances of $\sim$20 Mpc.

References in corpus (108)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• A grid of MARCS model atmospheres for late-type stars I. Methods and general properties
• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• Adaptive spatial binning of integral-field spectroscopic data using Voronoi tessellations
• The Atlas3D project -- I. A volume-limited sample of 260 nearby early-type galaxies: science goals and selection criteria
• The SAURON project - IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the fundamental plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• astroquery: An Astronomical Web-Querying Package in Python
• The 2MASS Redshift Survey - Description and Data Release
• The Atlas3D project - XV. Benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, Fundamental Plane and Mass Plane
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-Dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI. Isophotal Analysis and the Structure of Early-Type Galaxies
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies
• Updated Nearby Galaxy Catalog
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. V. Measurement and Recalibration of Surface Brightness Fluctuations and a Precise Value of the Fornax--Virgo Relative Distance
• Measuring the inclination and mass-to-light ratio of axisymmetric galaxies via anisotropic Jeans models of stellar kinematics
• Efficient Multi-Gaussian Expansion of galaxies
• The Absolute Magnitude of the Sun in Several Filters
• Stellar population models at high spectral resolution
• An HST Census of Nuclear Star Clusters in Late-Type Spiral Galaxies: I. Observations and Image Analysis
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey XV. The Formation Efficiencies of Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies: The Effects of Mass and Environment
• A Family of Models for Spherical Stellar Systems
• The Herschel Reference Survey
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Full spectrum fitting with photometry in pPXF: stellar population versus dynamical masses, non-parametric star formation history and metallicity for 3200 LEGA-C galaxies at redshift z~0.8
• A New Empirical Model for the Structural Analysis of Early-type Galaxies and a Critical Review of the Nuker Model
• Masses of star clusters in the nuclei of bulge-less spiral galaxies
• Substructure and dynamics of the Fornax Cluster
• Evidence for a New Elliptical-Galaxy Paradigm: Sersic and Core Galaxies
• The Coincidence of Nuclear Star Clusters and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The MASSIVE Survey - I. A Volume-Limited Integral-Field Spectroscopic Study of the Most Massive Early-Type Galaxies within 108 Mpc
• HST/STIS Spectra of Nuclear Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies: Dependence of Age and Mass On Hubble Type
• An intermediate-mass black hole in the centre of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Masses and Scaling Relations for Nuclear Star Clusters, and their Coexistence with Central Black Holes
• The AIMSS Project I: Bridging the Star Cluster - Galaxy Divide
• Unveiling a Rich System of Faint Dwarf Galaxies in the Next Generation Fornax Survey
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. I. The extended and diffuse stellar halo of NGC~1399 out to 192 kpc
• Nuclear star clusters in 228 spiral galaxies in the HST/WFPC2 archive: catalogue and comparison to other stellar systems
• Low-mass black holes as the remnants of primordial black hole formation
• Evidence in Virgo for the Universal Dark Matter Halo
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. I. Introduction to the Survey and Data Reduction Procedures
• The NGC 404 Nucleus: Star Cluster and Possible Intermediate Mass Black Hole
• Improved Dynamical Constraints on the Masses of the Central Black Holes in Nearby Low-mass Early-type Galactic Nuclei And the First Black Hole Determination for NGC 205
• The Low End of the Supermassive Black Hole Mass Function: Constraining the Mass of a Nuclear Black Hole in NGC 205 via Stellar Kinematics
• X-ray Spectroscopy of the Virgo Cluster out to the Virial Radius
• Molecular Gas Properties on Cloud Scales Across the Local Star-forming Galaxy Population
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. VI. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies in the Fornax Cluster
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXIII. Fundamentals of nuclear star clusters over seven decades in galaxy mass
• Redshift-Distance Survey of Early-Type Galaxies: Spectroscopic Data
• Nearby Early-Type Galactic Nuclei at High Resolution: Dynamical Black Hole and Nuclear Star Cluster Mass Measurements
• Measuring the mass of the central black hole in the bulgeless galaxy NGC 4395 from gas dynamical modeling
• A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. VII. A Catalog of Central Stellar Velocity Dispersions of Nearby Galaxies
• Formation and evolution of dwarf elliptical galaxies I. Structural and kinematical properties
• AMUSE-Virgo II. Down-sizing in black hole accretion
• AMUSE-Virgo I. Super-massive black holes in low-mass spheroids
• The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey I. Star Forming Molecular Gas in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies
• Fast-moving stars around an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri
• Efficient solution of the anisotropic spherically-aligned axisymmetric Jeans equations of stellar hydrodynamics for galactic dynamics
• Improved Dynamical Constraints on the Mass of the central Black Hole in NGC 404
• The central kinematics of NGC 1399 measured with 14pc resolution
• Dominant dark matter and a counter rotating disc: MUSE view of the low luminosity S0 galaxy NGC 5102
• The Black Hole in the Most Massive Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxy M59-UCD3
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. VIII. Connecting the accretion history with the cluster density
• Nuclear Star Clusters and the Stellar Spheroids of their Host Galaxies
• Revealing the intermediate-mass black hole at the heart of the dwarf galaxy NGC 404 with sub-parsec resolution ALMA observations
• The Black Hole Mass and Extreme Orbital Structure in NGC1399
• The Chandra Fornax Survey - I: The Cluster Environment
• The Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS): IV. Mass and Age Bimodality of Nuclear Clusters in the Fornax Core Region
• Diversity of nuclear star cluster formation mechanisms revealed by their star formation histories
• The Fornax3D project: Tracing the assembly history of the cluster from the kinematic and line-strength maps
• On structure and kinematics of the Virgo cluster of galaxies
• Extending the M_(bh)-sigma diagram with dense nuclear star clusters
• Virgo Redux: The Masses and Stellar Content of Nuclei in Early-Type Galaxies from Multi-Band Photometry and Spectroscopy
• A blind ATCA HI survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster: properties of the HI detections
• Luminosity Models and Density Profiles for Nuclear Star Clusters for a Nearby Volume-Limited Sample of 29 Galaxies
• Gas sloshing regulates and records the evolution of the Fornax Cluster
• The Near-IR Luminosity Function and Bimodal Surface Brightness Distribution of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• Compact massive objects in Virgo galaxies: the black hole population
• The Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS): III. Revealing the Spatial Substructure of the Dwarf Galaxy Population inside half of Fornax's Virial Radius
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. III. Globular Cluster Specific Frequencies of Early-Type Galaxies
• The MBHBM* Project -- I: Measurement of the Central Black Hole Mass in Dwarf Galaxy NGC 3504 Using Molecular Gas Kinematics
• Upper limits on the presence of central massive black holes in two ultra-compact dwarf galaxies in Centaurus A
• Do Nuclear Star Clusters and Black Holes Follow the Same Host-Galaxy Correlations?
• HSIM: a simulation pipeline for the HARMONI integral field spectrograph on the European ELT
• Nuclear star cluster formation in star-forming dwarf galaxies
• Black hole mass measurement using ALMA observations of [CI] and CO emissions in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC7469
• Bridging the gap between low and high mass dwarf galaxies
• The Herschel Fornax Cluster Survey I: The Bright Galaxy Sample
• A low upper mass limit for the central black hole in the late-type galaxy NGC 4414
• The Relation between Dynamical Mass-to-Light Ratio and Color for Massive Quiescent Galaxies out to z~2 and Comparison with Stellar Population Synthesis Models
• The MBHBM${}^{\star }$ Project -- II. Molecular Gas Kinematics in the Lenticular Galaxy NGC 3593 Reveal a Supermassive Black Hole
• The SAMI-Fornax Dwarfs Survey III: Evolution of [$\alpha$/Fe] in dwarfs, from Galaxy Clusters to the Local Group
• The relation between the mass-to-light ratio and the relaxation state of globular clusters
• The SAMI -- Fornax Dwarfs Survey II: The Stellar Mass Fundamental Plane and the Dark Matter fraction of Dwarf Galaxies
• Photometric and Structural Parameters of Newly Discovered Nuclear Star Clusters in Local Volume Galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Environmental effects on the assembly of dynamically cold disks in Fornax cluster galaxies
• Optical and near-infrared velocity dispersions of early-type galaxies
• Effect of the initial mass function on the dynamical SMBH mass estimate in the nucleated early-type galaxy FCC 47
• Stellar kinematics in the nuclear regions of nearby LIRGs with VLT-SINFONI. Comparison with gas phases and implications for dynamical mass estimations
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• Nuclear angular momentum of early-type galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters