The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-Dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster

Abstract

The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey consists of HST ACS imaging for 100 early-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, observed in the F475W and F850LP filters. We derive distances for 84 of these galaxies using the method of surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs), present the SBF distance catalog, and use this database to examine the three-dimensional distribution of early-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. The SBF distance moduli have a mean (random) measurement error of 0.07 mag (0.5 Mpc), or roughly 3 times better than previous SBF measurements for Virgo Cluster galaxies. Five galaxies lie at a distance of ~23 Mpc and are members of the W' cloud. The remaining 79 galaxies have a narrow distribution around our adopted mean distance of 16.5+/-0.1 (random mean error) +/-1.1 Mpc (systematic). The rms distance scatter of this sample is 0.6+/-0.1 Mpc, with little dependence on morphological type or luminosity class (i.e., 0.7+/-0.1 and 0.5+/-0.1 Mpc for the giants and dwarfs, respectively). The back-to-front depth of the cluster measured from our sample of galaxies is 2.4+/-0.4 Mpc (i.e., +/-2sigma of the intrinsic distance distribution). The M87 (cluster A) and M49 (cluster B) subclusters are found to lie at distances of 16.7+/-0.2 and 16.4+/-0.2 Mpc, respectively. There may be a third subcluster associated with M86. A weak correlation between velocity and line-of-sight distance may be a faint echo of the cluster velocity distribution not having yet completely virialized. In three dimensions, Virgo's early-type galaxies appear to define a slightly triaxial distribution, with axis ratios of (1:0.7:0.5). The principal axis of the best-fit ellipsoid is inclined ~20-40 deg. from the line of sight, while the galaxies belonging to the W' cloud lie on an axis inclined by ~10-15 deg.

21 pages, 21 postscript figures. Also available at http://www1.cadc-ccda.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/community/ACSVCS/index.html

References in corpus (4)

• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIV. Analysis of Color-Magnitude Relations in Globular Cluster Systems
• Trends in the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function of Early-Type Galaxies
• First results from SAPAC: towards a 3D-picture of the Fornax cluster core

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• WALLABY Pilot Survey: HI gas disc truncation and star formation of galaxies falling into the Hydra I cluster
• The Active Assembly of the Virgo Cluster: Indications for Recent Group Infall From Early-Type Dwarf Galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo cluster Survey (NGVS). XXV. Fiducial panchromatic colors of Virgo core globular clusters and their comparison to model predictions
• Intense look at Virgo Southern Extension
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XIII. The role of ram-pressure stripping in transforming the diffuse and ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• Tracing Ram-Pressure Stripping with Warm Molecular Hydrogen Emission
• The SLUGGS Survey: HST/ACS Mosaic Imaging of the NGC 3115 Globular Cluster System
• Search for cold and hot gas in the ram pressure stripped Virgo dwarf galaxy IC3418
• Compact stellar systems and cluster environments
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XVIII. Star-forming dwarf galaxies in a cluster environment
• The dearth of nuclear star clusters in bright galaxies
• The Intrinsic Scatter of the Radial Acceleration Relation
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).X. Formation of a red ultra-diffuse galaxy and an almost dark galaxy during a ram-pressure stripping event
• Tests of Gravity Theories Using Supermassive Black Holes
• The galaxy population in cold and warm dark matter cosmologies
• Observations of the Structure and Dynamics of the Inner M87 Jet
• VERTICO III: The Kennicutt-Schmidt relation in Virgo cluster galaxies
• Properties of Galaxies in Cosmic Filaments around the Virgo Cluster
• Dark energy domination in the Virgocentric flow
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XIV. The main sequence relation in a rich environment down to M_star ~ 10^6 Mo
• Lyman-alpha Absorbers and the Coma Cluster
• The HI mass function of group galaxies in the ALFALFA survey
• Stellar Population Trends in S0 Galaxies
• VERTICO IV: Environmental Effects on the Gas Distribution and Star Formation Efficiency of Virgo Cluster Spirals
• Dynamical signatures of infall around galaxy clusters: a generalized Jeans equation
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey XVI: a cluster inventory
• Virgo cluster and field dwarf ellipticals in 3D: III. Spatially and temporally resolved stellar populations
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) II: The outer structure of edge-on galaxies
• CO($J$=1-0) mapping survey of 64 galaxies in the Fornax cluster with the ALMA Morita array
• A SLUGGS and Gemini/GMOS combined study of the elliptical galaxy M60: wide-field photometry and kinematics of the globular cluster system
• Extended X-ray study of M49: the frontier of the Virgo Cluster
• TRGB distances to galaxies in front of the Virgo cluster
• Stripped elliptical galaxies as probes of ICM physics: III. Deep Chandra Observation of NGC 4552 - Measuring the Viscosity of the Intracluster Medium
• New Constraints on a complex relation between globular cluster colors and environment
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). III. Dynamical effect on molecular gas density and star formation in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4303
• The SLUGGS survey: Probing the supermassive black hole connection with bulges and haloes using red and blue globular cluster systems
• Swift XRT Observations of the Possible Dark Galaxy VIRGOHI 21
• Surface Brightness Fluctuations as Primary and Secondary Distance Indicators
• Not a Copernican observer: biased peculiar velocity statistics in the local Universe
• Probing the central black hole in M87 with gamma-rays
• A Mechanism for Triple-Ridge Emission Structure of AGN Jets
• The Connection Between Diffuse Light and Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster
• PS15cey and PS17cke: prospective candidates from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. The Spatial Alignment of Globular Cluster Systems With Early-Type Host Galaxies
• The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS) III. The Ultraviolet Source Catalogs
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).VI. Environmental quenching on HII region scales
• Polarization Imaging of M87 Jets by General Relativistic Radiative Transfer Calculation based on GRMHD Simulations
• Warm Gas in and Around Simulated Galaxy Clusters as Probed by Absorption Lines
• Galaxy structure from multiple tracers: I. A census of M87's globular cluster populations
• Robust automatic photometry of local galaxies from SDSS Dissecting the color magnitude relation with color profiles
• The Local Group in the cosmic web
• The jet and resolved features of the central supermassive black hole of M 87 observed with EHT
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions
• An Environmental Study of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source Population in Early-type Galaxies
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XII. Ionised gas emission in the inner regions of lenticular galaxies
• Black Hole Mass Measurements of Early-Type Galaxies NGC 1380 and NGC 6861 Through ALMA and HST Observations and Gas-Dynamical Modeling
• Discovery of a transient ultraluminous X-ray source in the elliptical galaxy M86
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• Reionization Histories of Milky Way Mass Halos
• Scaling relations for globular cluster systems in early-type galaxies. II. Is there an environmental dependence?
• The Primordial Black Hole Mass Range
• The Infall of the Virgo Elliptical Galaxy M60 toward M87 and the Gaseous Structures Produced by Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities
• Integral-Field Stellar and Ionized Gas Kinematics of Peculiar Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies
• Gamma-ray and Neutrino Emissions due to Cosmic-Ray Protons Accelerated at Intracluster Shocks in Galaxy Clusters
• A very dark stellar system lost in Virgo: kinematics and metallicity of SECCO1 with MUSE
• Removing biases in resolved stellar mass-maps of galaxy disks through successive Bayesian marginalization
• ViCTORIA project: The LOFAR HBA Virgo Cluster Survey
• On the accretion of a new group of galaxies onto Virgo: II. The effect of pre-processing on the stellar population content of dEs
• The Complete Local Volume Groups Sample -- IV. Star formation and gas content in group-dominant galaxies
• Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies in Filamentary Structures around the Virgo Cluster: Probing Chemical Pre-processing in Filament Environments
• H-ATLAS/GAMA and HeViCS - Dusty Early-Type Galaxies in Different Environments
• Intragroup and Intracluster Light
• On surface brightness fluctuations: probabilistic and statistical bases I: Stellar population and theoretical SBF
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of M87's globular clusters: Kinematics extending to ~ 400 kpc
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey XVI. The Angular Momentum of Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies from Globular Cluster Satellites
• VERTICO V: The environmentally driven evolution of the inner cold gas discs of Virgo cluster galaxies
• Attack of the Flying Snakes : Formation of Isolated HI Clouds By Fragmentation of Long Streams
• A Wide-field Photometric Survey of Globular Clusters in the Peculiar Early-type Galaxy M85
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XIX. Tomography of Milky Way Substructures in the NGVS Footprint
• Globular Clusters: DNA of Early-Type galaxies?
• Fluctuation Spectroscopy: A New Probe of Old Stellar Populations
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: View of the Virgo Cluster
• Internal gamma gamma-opacity in Active Galactic Nuclei and the consequences for the TeV observations of M87 and Cen A
• Abundance ratios in dwarf elliptical galaxies
• Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate within a Billion Light-Years
• Starbursting Nuclei in Old Dwarf Galaxies
• Chandra observations of NGC4342, an optically faint, X-ray gas-rich early-type galaxy
• DDO 161 and UGCA 319: an isolated pair of nearby dwarf galaxies
• Alignments of the Galaxies in and around the Virgo Cluster with the Local Velocity Shear
• VLT Optical BVR observations of two bright Supernova Ia hosts in the Virgo cluster
• The Distance and Dynamical History of the Virgo Cluster Ultradiffuse Galaxy VCC 615
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• ViCTORIA project: MeerKAT HI observations of the ram pressure stripped galaxy NGC 4523
• Contribution of stripped nuclei to the ultracompact dwarf galaxy population in the Virgo Cluster
• Merging galaxy clusters in IllustrisTNG
• Galaxy motions in the Bootes strip
• The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS) VIII. Diffuse dust in the Virgo intra-cluster space
• Survival of molecular gas in Virgo's hot intracluster medium: CO near M86
• On the relation between Lya absorbers and local galaxy filaments
• Ram Pressure Stripping and ISM disc Truncation : Prediction vs. Observation
• AGC 226178 and NGVS 3543: Two deceptive dwarfs towards Virgo
• Formation of Blue-cored Dwarf Early-type Galaxies in a Cluster Environment: a Kinematical Perspective
• About the linearity of the color-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• SUBARU Spectroscopy of the Globular Clusters in the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy M86
• NGC 5011C: an overlooked dwarf galaxy in the Centaurus A group
• Discovery of a possibly single blue supergiant star in the intra-cluster region of Virgo cluster of galaxies
• Photometric Evolution of SNe Ib/c 2004ao, 2004gk and 2006gi
• Tidal Stripping of Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster
• Uneven flows: On cosmic bulk flows, local observers, and gravity
• AlFoCS + F3D II: unexpectedly low gas-to-dust ratios in the Fornax galaxy cluster
• Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies in Early and Mid Stage of the Interaction: I. Distribution of Molecular Gas
• Resolving the Discrepancy of Distance to M60, a Giant Elliptical Galaxy in Virgo
• The nature of the nearest compact group of galaxies from precise distance measurements
• A New Dynamical Mass Measurement for the Virgo Cluster using the Radial Velocity Profile of the Filament Galaxies
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE) XV. The Halpha luminosity function of the Virgo cluster
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. XII. Diffuse Star Clusters in Early-type Galaxies
• An assessment of the evidence from ATLAS3D for a variable initial mass function
• Young Globular Clusters in an old S0: Clues to the Formation History of NGC 4570
• Gemini/GMOS Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters in the Merger Remnant Galaxy M85
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XI. Two dimensional H$\alpha$ kinematics of the edge-on ram pressure stripped galaxy NGC 4330
• Chandra Detection of Intra-cluster X-ray sources in Virgo
• Anisotropies of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays Dominated by a Single Source in the Presence of Deflections
• Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?
• The detection of ultra-faint low surface brightness dwarf galaxies in the Virgo Cluster: a Probe of Dark Matter and Baryonic Physics
• Light from the Darkness: Detecting Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Perseus Cluster through Over-densities of Globular Clusters with a Log-Gaussian Cox Process
• The role of environment in low-level active galactic nucleus activity: no evidence for cluster enhancement
• HI in Virgo's "Red and Dead" Dwarf Ellipticals - A Tidal Tail and Central Star Formation
• Ram pressure stripping in clusters: Gravity can bind the ISM but not the CGM
• PROBES-I: A Compendium of Deep Rotation Curves and Matched multiband Photometry
• Can the splashback radius be an observable boundary of galaxy clusters?
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XV. Planck submillimetre sources in the Virgo Cluster
• VERTICO VI: Cold-gas asymmetries in Virgo cluster galaxies
• Galaxy flows within 8,000 km/s from Numerical Action methods
• Evidence for globular cluster collapse after a dwarf-dwarf merger: A potential nuclear star cluster in formation
• Cosmic voids and the kinetic analysis. III. Hubble tension and structure formation in the late Universe
• Numerical Modeling of Multi-wavelength Spectra of M87 Core Emission
• Surveying the Local Supercluster Plane
• Distortion of Infall Regions in Redshift Space-I
• The Tully-Fisher relation for flat galaxies
• Ubiquitous signs of interactions in early-type galaxies with prolate rotation
• Turbulence in the Harassed Galaxy NGC 4254
• Is there substructure around M87?
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• X-ray cavities in the hot corona of the lenticular galaxy NGC~4477
• X-ray Constraints on the Hot Gas Content of Early-type Galaxies in Virgo
• Discovery of the kinematic alignment of early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• The StEllar Counterparts of COmpact high velocity clouds (SECCO) survey. II. Sensitivity of the survey and an Atlas of Synthetic Dwarf Galaxies
• Blueshifted galaxies in the Virgo Cluster
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE) XVII. Statistical properties of individual HII regions in unperturbed systems
• Kinematics and stellar population of NGC 4486A
• Clustering of Local Group distances: publication bias or correlated measurements? VI. Extending to Virgo cluster distances
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXXIII. Stellar Population Gradients in the Virgo Cluster Core Globular Cluster System
• Inverse Compton Cascades in Pair-Producing Gaps: Effects of Triplet Pair Production
• Yonsei Evolutionary Population Synthesis (YEPS) Model. III. Surface Brightness Fluctuation of Normal and Helium-enhanced Simple Stellar Populations
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Small-Scale Conformity of the Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• Trends in Dwarf Early-Type Kinematics with Cluster-centric Radius Driven By Tidal Stirring
• Evaluating the feasibility of interpretable machine learning for globular cluster detection
• Difference in dwarf galaxy surface brightness profiles as a function of environment
• The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). VI: The UV luminosity function of the Virgo cluster and its surrounding regions
• The discovery of blue-cored dwarf early-type galaxies in isolated environments
• Fast Extragalactic X-ray Transients From Gamma Ray Bursts Viewed Far Off Axis
• HI 21cm emission from the sub-damped Lyman-alpha absorber at z=0.0063 towards PG1216+069
• Are early-type galaxies quenched by present-day environment? A study of dwarfs in the Fornax Cluster
• The Stellar Contents of Intermediate Mass Disk Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. I. GMOS Spectra
• Possible Detection of X-Ray Emitting Circumstellar Material in the Synchrotron-Dominated Supernova Remnant RX J 1713.7-3946
• Simulation of a strategy for the pixel lensing of M87 using the Hubble Space Telescope
• Accretion and nuclear activity in Virgo early-type galaxies
• WHIM-hunting through cross-correlation of optical and SZ effect data in the Virgo cluster filaments
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. A Search for Planetary Nebulae in Virgo Cluster Globular Clusters
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). VII. Fourier decomposition of molecular gas velocity fields and bar pattern speed
• Diving into dangerous tides: The impact of galaxy cluster tidal environments on satellite galaxy mass densities
• Distance Measurements and Stellar Population Properties via Surface Brightness Fluctuations
• Mid-IR Enhanced Galaxies in the Coma & Virgo Cluster: lenticulars with a high star formation rate
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IX. Different Radial Number Density Profiles between Blue and Red Clusters
• On the Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Contribution to the Light of Nearby Disk Galaxies
• A Rich Satellite Population of the NGC 4437 Group and Implications of a Magnitude Gap for Galaxy Group Assembly History
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission. VESTIGE VIII. Bridging the cluster-ICM-galaxy evolution at small scales
• Tiny galaxies and dark substructures: exploring the "dark" subhaloes in TNG50
• HI Distribution and Tully-Fisher Distances of Gas-Poor Spiral Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Region
• A New Uncertainty Scheme for Galaxy Distances from Flow Models
• The ViCTORIA project: description of a multi-frequency radio survey of the Virgo galaxy cluster
• Witnessing a Transformation to Blue-cored Dwarf Early-type Galaxies in Filaments and the Cluster Outskirts: Gas-phase Abundances and Internal Kinematics Perspectives
• Young, blue, and isolated stellar systems in the Virgo Cluster. I. 2-D Optical spectroscopy
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• The Spectroscopy and H-band Imaging of Virgo cluster galaxies (SHIVir) Survey: Data Catalogue and Kinematic Profiles
• Multi-epoch study of the gamma-ray emission within the M87 magnetosphere model
• Observing the very low-surface brightness dwarfs in a deep field in the VIRGO cluster: constraints on Dark Matter scenarios
• The Assembly of the Virgo Cluster, Traced by its Galaxy Halos
• The Virgo Cluster
• X-ray study of extended emission around M86 observed with Suzaku
• A continuum of structure and stellar content from Virgo cluster early-type dwarfs to giants?
• AVID: Formation and evolution of a coalesced major merger of late-type dwarf galaxies (VCC 479) on the outskirts of the Virgo cluster
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE). XIX. The discovery of a spectacular 230 kpc Halpha tail following NGC 4569 in the Virgo cluster
• Galaxy Optical Variability of Virgo Cluster: New Tracer for Environmental Influences on Galaxies
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).III. Star formation in the stripped gas of NGC 4254
• Machine Learning the Dark Matter Halo Mass of Milky Way-Like Systems
• The spatial distribution of dwarf and giant galaxies in and around Virgo cluster
• A STIS Atlas of CaII Triplet Absorption Line Kinematics in Galactic Nuclei
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XL. The Morphological Classification of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• The relic neutrino composition as seen from Earth
• Investigating physical states of molecular gas in the overlapping region of interacting galaxies NGC4567/4568 using ALMA
• The 2010 M 87 VHE flare and its origin: the multi-wavelength picture
• Normal or transitional? The evolution and properties of two type Ia supernovae in the Virgo cluster
• Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in clusters : the peculiar gas loss of VCC 1964
• Constraints on axion-like particles from ultra-high-energy observations of M87 with the HAWC observatory
• Demonstration of KVN phase referencing capability
• Circumstellar Medium Constraints on the Environment of Two Nearby Type Ia Supernovae: SN 2017cbv and SN 2020nlb
• AVID: A Near-Major Post-Merger of Late-Type Dwarfs beneath a Regularly Rotating HI Disk (VCC 693)
• FAST-SBF: an automatic procedure for the measurement of Surface Brightness Fluctuations for large sky surveys
• Differences between the globular cluster systems of the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Probing the origin of VHE emission from M 87 with MWL observations in 2010
• Constraining star formation in M87 using deep HST UV data
• Young, blue, and isolated stellar systems in the Virgo Cluster. II. A new class of stellar system
• A non-uniform metal distribution in the ram-pressure stripped circumgalactic medium of M86
• The Fornax3D project: Planetary nebulae catalogue and independent distance measurements to Fornax cluster galaxies
• Investigating the Disk-Jet Structure in M87 through Flux Separation in the Linear and Circular Polarization Images
• Tidal Grinding of Dwarf Galaxies in Cluster Environments
• VERTICO IX: Signatures of environmental processing of the gas in Virgo cluster spiral galaxies through mapping of CO isotopologues