Expected intermediate mass black holes in the Virgo cluster. II. Late-type galaxies

Abstract

The Chandra X-ray Observatory's Cycle 18 Large Program titled "Spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster" will image 52 galaxies with the ACIS-S detector. Combined with archival data for an additional 22 galaxies, this will represent the complete sample of 74 spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster with star-formation rates $\gtrsim$ 0.3 $M_{\odot }$/yr. Many of these galaxies are expected to have an active nucleus, signalling the presence of a central black hole. In preparation for this survey, we predict the central black hole masses using the latest black hole scaling relations based on spiral arm pitch angle $\varphi$, velocity dispersion $\sigma$, and total stellar mass $M_{\ast ,\mathrm{galaxy}}$. With a focus on intermediate mass black holes ($10^2<M_{\mathrm{bh}}/M_{\odot }<10^5$), we highlight NGC 4713 and NGC 4178, both with $M_{\mathrm{bh}}\approx 10^3$-$10^4$ (an estimate which is further supported in NGC 4178 by its nuclear star cluster mass). From Chandra archival data, we find that both galaxies have a point-like nuclear X-ray source, with unabsorbed 0.3-10 keV luminosities of a few times 10${}^{38}$ erg/s. In NGC 4178, the nuclear source has a soft, probably thermal, spectrum consistent with a stellar-mass black hole in the high/soft state, while no strong constraints can be derived for the nuclear emission of NGC 4713. In total, 33 of the 74 galaxies are predicted to have $M_{\mathrm{bh}}<(10^5$-$10^6)$ $M_{\odot }$, and several are consistently predicted, via three methods, to have masses of $10^4$-$10^5{M}_{\odot }$, such as IC 3392, NGC 4294 and NGC 4413. We speculate that a sizeable population of IMBHs may reside in late-type spiral galaxies with low stellar mass ($M_{\ast ,\mathrm{galaxy}}\lesssim 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$).

arXiv comment17 pages, 14 figures. MNRAS. Accepted 2018 November 2. Submitted 2018 August 10

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