A Scheme to Unify Low-Power Accreting Black Holes - Jet-Dominated Accretion Flows and the Radio/X-Ray Correlation

Abstract

We explore the evolution in power of black holes of all masses, and their associated jets, within the scheme of an accretion rate-dependent state transition. Below a critical value of the accretion rate all systems are assumed to undergo a transition to a state where the dominant accretion mode is optically thin and radiatively inefficient. In these significantly sub-Eddington systems, the spectral energy distribution is predicted to be dominated by non-thermal emission from a relativistic jet whereas near-Eddington black holes will be dominated instead by emission from the accretion disk. Reasonable candidates for such a sub-Eddington state include X-ray binaries in the hard and quiescent states, the Galactic Center (Sgr A*), LINERs, FR I radio galaxies, and a large fraction of BL Lac objects. Standard jet physics predicts non-linear scaling between the optically thick (radio) and optically thin (optical or X-ray) emission of these systems, which has been confirmed recently in X-ray binaries. We show that this scaling relation is also a function of black hole mass and only slightly of the relativistic Doppler factor. Taking the scaling into account we show that indeed hard and quiescent state X-ray binaries, LINERs, FR I radio galaxies, and BL Lacs can be unified and fall on a common radio/X-ray correlation. This suggests that jet domination is an important stage in the luminosity evolution of accreting black hole systems.

final version(3 new figures and a table), Astronomy & Astrophysics, accepted, A&A LaTex, 9 pages, 6 figures, also available at http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/hfalcke/publications.html#powerunify

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• Determining the radio AGN contribution to the radio-FIR correlation using the black hole fundamental plane relation
• Long-term and multi-wavelength evolution of a changing-look AGN Mrk 1018
• A Jet Model for the Broadband Spectrum of the Seyfert-1 Galaxy NGC 4051
• Up and Down the Black Hole Radio/X-ray Correlation: the 2017 mini-outbursts from Swift J1753.5-0127
• Low radiative efficiency accretion at work in active galactic nuclei: the nuclear spectral energy distribution of NGC4565
• Intermediate-mass black holes and the fundamental plane of black hole accretion
• The connection between star formation and supermassive Black Hole activity in the local Universe
• Correlations between radio and bolometric fluxes in GX 339-4 and H1743-322
• NuSTAR + XMM-Newton monitoring of the neutron star transient AX J1745.6-2901
• Accretion states of the Galactic microquasar GRS 1758-258
• Discovery of Dying Active Galactic Nucleus in Arp 187: Experience of Drastic Luminosity Decline within $10^4$ years
• Parsec-scale radio morphology and variability of a changing-look AGN: the case of Mrk 590
• Compact radio emission in Ultraluminous X-ray sources
• LeMMINGs. III. The e-MERLIN Legacy Survey of the Palomar sample. Exploring the origin of nuclear radio emission in active and inactive galaxies through the [O III] -- radio connection
• Testing a scale-independent method to measure the mass of black holes
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XVII: The Parsec-scale Jet Properties of the Ultra Hard X-ray Selected Local AGN
• Very Long Baseline Array Imaging of Type-2 Seyferts with Double-Peaked Narrow Emission Lines: Searches for Sub-kpc Dual AGNs and Jet-Powered Outflows
• What is on Tap? The Role of Spin in Compact Objects and Relativistic Jets
• The relative growth of Optical and Radio Quasars in SDSS
• A Distinctive Disk-Jet Coupling in the Lowest-Mass Seyfert, NGC 4395
• Hard X-ray selected giant radio galaxies - I. The X-ray properties and radio connection
• Magnetically Arrested Disks in Quiescent Black-Hole Binaries: Formation Scenario, Observable Signatures, and Potential PeVatrons
• Low-power Radio Galaxies in the Distant Universe: A search for FRI at 1<z<2 in the COSMOS field
• High Energy spectra of Seyferts and Unification schemes
• Does the intermediate mass black hole in LEDA 87300 (RGG 118) follow the near-quadratic (M_bh)-(M_spheroid) relation?
• Radio & X-ray detections of GX 339--4 in quiescence using MeerKAT and Swift
• The TANAMI Multiwavelength Program: Dynamic SEDs of Southern Blazars
• A new method for extending solutions to the self-similar relativistic magnetohydrodynamics equations for black hole outflows
• Very high energy gamma-ray production inside the massive binary system Cyg X-1/HDE 226868
• Radio/X-ray monitoring of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 382. High-energy view with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• Radio Variability from a Quiescent Stellar Mass Black Hole Jet
• Sub-mm Jet Properties of the X-Ray Binary Swift J1745$-$26
• The extension of variability properties in gamma-ray bursts to blazars
• The fundamental plane of black hole activity for low-luminosity radio active galactic nuclei across 1 < z < 4
• Quantifying the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect and Excess Millimeter Emission in Quasar Environments
• Are Low-Frequency Quasi-Periodic Oscillations seen in accretion flows the disk response to a jet instability?
• Searching for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in galaxies with Low Luminosity AGN: A multiple-method approach
• Lorentz factor distribution of blazars from the optical Fundamental plane of black hole activity
• Submillimeter Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Magnetically Choked Accretion Flows Models of Sgr A*
• The central engines of two unusual radio-intermediate/quiet active galactic nuclei: III Zw 2 and PG 1407+265
• The Candidate Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Globular Cluster M54
• Probing the Active Massive Black Hole Candidate in the Center of NGC 404 with VLBI
• Origin of Radio Emission from Nearby Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• A unified model for black hole X-ray binary jets ?
• ALMA/NICER observations of GRS 1915+105 indicate a return to a hard state
• Clumpy Star Formation and AGN Activity in Dwarf-Dwarf Galaxy Merger Mrk 709
• Radio observations of NGC 6388: an upper limit on the mass of its central black hole
• 'Disc-jet' coupling in black hole X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei
• The millimetre variability of M81* -- Multi-epoch dual frequency mm-observations of the nucleus of M81
• Revisiting the structure and spectrum of the magnetic-reconnection-heated corona in luminous AGNs
• Do Radio Active Galactic Nuclei Reflect X-ray Binary Spectral States?
• Radio Spectra of Luminous, Heavily Obscured WISE-NVSS Selected Quasars
• Jets and the Accretion Flow in Low Luminosity Black Holes
• On Spin Dependence of the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity
• Chandra point-source counts in distant galaxy clusters
• No evidence for a central IMBH in M15
• The relation between star formation rate and accretion rate in LINERs
• A luminous hot accretion flow in the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC 7213
• Are the jets accelerated from the disk coronas in some active galactic nuclei?
• Multimessenger study of merging massive black holes in the OBELISK simulation: gravitational waves, electromagnetic counterparts, and their link to galaxy and black hole populations
• A Black Hole Mass-Variability Time Scale Correlation at Submillimeter Wavelengths
• The variable radio counterpart and possible large-scale jet of the new Z-source XTE J1701-462
• Modelling the `outliers' track of the radio--X-ray correlation in X-ray binaries based on disc-corona model
• Expanding the Sample: The Relationship Between the Black Hole Mass of BCGs and the Total Mass of Galaxy Clusters
• Compact jets dominate the continuum emission in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• Polarimetric and spectroscopic optical observations of the ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091
• Correlating spectral and timing properties in the evolving jet of the micro blazar MAXI J1836-194
• Radio emission from the X-ray pulsar Her X-1: a jet launched by a strong magnetic field neutron star?
• X-ray Properties of Radio-Selected Dual Active Galactic Nuclei
• Combining timing characteristics with physical broadband spectral modelling of black hole X-ray binary GX~339$-$4
• The radio detection and accretion properties of the peculiar nuclear transient AT 2019avd
• SN 1986J VLBI. IV. The Nature of the Central Component
• Hard-X-ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei -- II. Spectral Energy Distributions in the 5-45 GHz domain
• Relativistic AGN jets II. Jet properties and mixing effects for episodic jet activity
• Multiwavelength observations of the black hole transient XTE J1752-223 during its 2010 outburst decay
• A Fundamental Line of Black Hole Activity
• Precision astrometry of pulsars and other compact radio sources in the globular cluster M15
• The LOFAR-eFEDS survey: The incidence of radio and X-ray AGN and the disk-jet connection
• The first kinematic determination of million-year precession period of AGNs
• Probing jet launching in neutron star X-ray binaries: the variable and polarized jet of SAX J1808.4-3658
• Bhjet: a public multi-zone, steady state jet + thermal corona spectral model
• Black holes: Timing and spectral properties and evolution
• A search for very high-energy flares from the microquasars GRS 1915+105, Circinus X-1, and V4641 Sgr using contemporaneous H.E.S.S. and RXTE observations
• Multi-wavelength detectability of isolated black holes in the Milky Way
• Infrared-red Cores in Nearby Elliptical Galaxies
• From radio-quiet to radio-silent: low luminosity Seyfert radio cores
• Connection between accretion disk and superluminal radio jets and the role of radio plateau state in GRS 1915+105
• AzTEC Survey of the Central Molecular Zone: Data Reduction, Analysis, and Preliminary Results
• Discovery of the near-infrared counterpart to the luminous neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary GX 3+1
• Classifying AGN by X-ray Hardness Variability
• A Very Large Array Search for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Globular Clusters in M81
• What Powers the Most Relativistic Jets? I: BL Lacs
• A New Radio Catalogue for M83: Supernova Remnants and H II Regions
• Using SKA to observe relativistic jets from X-ray binary systems
• The SMBH mass versus M_G sigma^2 relation: A comparison between real data and numerical models
• The role of environment in the observed Fundamental Plane of radio Active Galactic Nuclei
• Modeling the hard states of three black hole candidates
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XIII. The nature of the most luminous obscured AGN in the low-redshift universe
• Spectral State Transitions of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source IC 342 X-1
• Repeating Partial Tidal Encounters of Sun-like Stars Leading to their Complete Disruption
• Mid-Infrared Selected Quasars I: Virial Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratios
• Discovery of five low luminosity active galactic nuclei at the centre of the Perseus cluster
• A deep 1.4 GHz survey of the J1030 equatorial field: a new window on radio source populations across cosmic time
• Is the plateau state in GRS 1915+105 equivalent to canonical hard states?
• A catalogue of ULX coincidences with FIRST radio sources
• Testing the linear relationship between black hole mass and variability timescale in low-luminosity AGN at submillimeter wavelengths
• The physical fundamental plane of black hole activity: revisited
• Paving the way to simultaneous multi-wavelength astronomy
• Nuclear Radio Jet from a Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 4258
• Jet Signatures in the Spectra of Accreting Black Holes
• Wandering off the centre: a characterization of the random motion of intermediate-mass black holes in star clusters
• Gamma-rays as a diagnostic of the origin of core radiation in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• MeerKAT discovers a jet-driven bow shock near GRS 1915+105. How an invisible large-scale jet sculpts a microquasar's environment
• Possible Evidence of a Universal Radio/X-ray Correlation in a near-Complete Sample of Hard X-ray Selected Seyfert Galaxies
• A Stacked Search for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 337 Extragalactic Star Clusters
• A Lack of Radio Emission from Neutron Star Low Mass X-ray Binaries
• Is there a sub-parsec-scale jet base in the nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 4395?
• The transition from quasar radio-loud to radio-quiet state in the framework of the black hole scalability hypothesis
• Astroparticles from X-ray Binary Coronae
• Ultra-deep ATCA imaging of 47 Tucanae reveals a central compact radio source
• A fundamental plane of black hole activity: pushing forward the unification scheme
• AT2018dyk Revisited: a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate with Prominent Infrared Echo and Delayed X-ray Emission in a LINER Galaxy
• Seven reflares, a mini-outburst and an outburst : High amplitude optical variations in the black hole X-ray binary Swift J1910.2-0546
• 1.4 GHz on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• Multiwavelength Scrutiny of X-ray Sources in Dwarf Galaxies: ULXs versus AGN
• The Chandra High Resolution X-ray Spectrum of Quiescent Emission from Sgr A*
• VLBI imaging of the pre-coalescence SMBHB candidate SDSS J143016.05+230344.4
• Do Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Exist in Globular Clusters?
• A Multi-Wavelength Analysis of NGC 4178: A Bulgeless Galaxy with an AGN
• Discovery of radio emission from the symbiotic X-ray binary system GX 1+4
• Black Hole Fundamental Plane in Low-Excitation Radio Galaxies
• Evidence for changes in the radiative efficiency of transient black hole X-ray binaries
• The $M-\sigma$ relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• A universal scaling law of black hole activity including gamma-ray bursts
• Q2122-444: a naked AGN fully dressed
• Radio/X-ray Correlation in the Mini-Outburts of Black Hole X-ray Transient GRS 1739--278
• Coronal Properties of Low-Accreting AGNs using Swift, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR Observations
• The role of environment in low-level active galactic nucleus activity: no evidence for cluster enhancement
• Observational Signatures of Mass-Loading in Jets Launched by Rotating Black Holes
• Low-mass Active Galactic Nuclei on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity
• Constraints on the radio loud/radio quiet dichotomy from the fundamental plane
• Dependence of the broad Fe K$\alpha$ line on the physical parameters of AGN
• Central X-ray point-sources found to be abundant in low-mass, late-type galaxies predicted to contain an intermediate-mass black hole
• Discovery of a Planar Black Hole Mass Scaling Relation for Spiral Galaxies
• Hard - X-rays selected Active Galactic Nuclei. I. A radio view at high-frequencies
• Finding Faint Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Radio Band
• Was the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 RGB J0044+193 ever radio loud?
• Obscured flat spectrum radio AGN as sources of high-energy neutrinos
• Disc-corona interaction in the heartbeat state of GRS 1915+105
• Scale invariant jets: from blazars to microquasars
• The composite X-ray spectra of radio-loud and radio-quiet SDSS quasars
• Resolving the Nuclear Radio Emission from M32 with Very Large Array
• Assessing indirect methods to determine black hole masses using NGC 4151
• BASS XLVII: 22 GHz Radio Atlas of Swift-BAT Selected AGN
• The prototype X-ray binary GX 339-4: using TeV gamma-rays to assess LMXBs as Galactic cosmic ray accelerators
• Radio observations of four active galactic nuclei hosting intermediate-mass black hole candidates: studying the outflow activity and evolution
• RMS-Flux Relation and Disc-Jet Connection in Blazars in the Context of the Internal Shocks Model
• Constraints on jet-driven disk accretion in Sagittarius A*
• Unveiling Gargantua: A new search strategy for the most massive central cluster black holes
• Refining the mass estimate for the intermediate-mass black hole candidate in NGC 3319
• The Centimeter to Submillimeter Broad Band Radio Spectrum of the Central Compact Component in A Nearby Type-II Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• Compact radio emission from z~0.2 X-ray bright AGN
• NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the binary 4FGL J1405.1-6119. A $\gamma$-ray emitting microquasar?
• Radio emission from colliding outflows in high-mass X-ray binaries with strongly magnetized neutron stars
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• High-energy Gamma-rays from Magnetically Arrested Disks in Nearby Radio Galaxies
• Multiwavelength study of the bright X-ray source population in the interacting galaxies NGC5774/NGC5775
• Revealing the nature of the ULX and X-ray population of the spiral galaxy NGC 4088
• Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies at Low and Very-Low Radio Luminosity Range
• Galactic transient sources with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
• A jet-dominated model for a broad-band spectral energy distribution of the nearby low-luminosity active galactic nucleus in M94
• Launching and Quenching of Black Hole Relativistic Jets at Low Accretion Rate
• Quenched millimetre emission from Cygnus X-1 in a soft X-ray state
• Accessing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 728 Globular Star Clusters in NGC\,4472
• The Jet-Disk Coupling of Seyfert Galaxies from a Complete Hard X-ray Sample
• A Chandra Survey of Milky Way Globular Clusters. III. Searching for X-ray Signature of Intermediate-mass Black Holes
• Exploring the role of composition and mass-loading on the properties of hadronic jets
• Properties of Ultralight Bosons from Spins of Heavy Quasars via Superradiance
• Clockwise evolution in the hardness-intensity diagram of the black hole X-ray binary Swift J1910.2-0546
• Extending the "Energetic Scaling of Relativistic Jets From Black Hole Systems" to Include $\gamma$-ray-loud X-ray Binaries
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Modelling radio luminosity functions of radio-loud AGN by the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes
• Relativistic Jets: Open Problems and Challenges
• The origin of X-ray emission in 3CRR sources: hints from mid-infrared Spitzer observations
• Modeling the Spectrum of IGR J17177-3656
• The Origin of Radio Emission in Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• Exploring the Jet/Accretion Flow Relationship in Low Disk Luminosity Sources
• Effects of Spin on High-Energy Radiation from Accreting Black Holes
• Infrared interferometry to spatially and spectrally resolve jets in X-ray binaries
• The MAVERIC Survey: The first radio and X-ray limits on the detached black holes in NGC 3201
• A Multi-wavelength Characterization of the 2023 Outburst of MAXI J1807+132: Manifestations of Disk Instability and Jet Emission
• Quiescent black hole X-ray binaries as multi-messenger sources
• On the Black Hole Masses In Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources
• The Accretion-Ejection Connection in the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820$+$070
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). Black hole mass estimation using machine learning
• Polarization-sensitive Compton scattering by accelerated electrons
• Constraints on black hole accretion in V Puppis
• AGN dichotomy beyond radio loudness: a Gaussian Mixture Model analysis
• Correlations of Disk and Jet Emission Deviating from the Fundamental Plane
• Time-domain Radio-loudness of Active Galactic Nuclei: Intermittency, Memory, and Jet Escape
• Scale-invariance of black hole accretion: modeling emission from a black hole X-ray binary with relativistic accretion flow simulations
• AGN cool feedback and analogy with X-ray binaries: from radiation pressure to cosmic ray driven outflows
• Inverse-Compton drag on a Highly Magnetized GRB jet in Stellar Envelope
• Tracking optical variability and outflows across the accretion states of the black hole transient MAXI J1820+070
• Exploring the X-ray-radio connection for AGN via measurements of the multi-dimensional luminosity function
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• Investigating possible unification of Seyfert galaxies and blazars in Fermi-LAT sample
• Origin of the X-ray Emission in the Nuclei of FR Is
• Radio continuum observations of the candidate supermassive black hole in the dwarf elliptical VCC128
• Prospects for Revealing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in NGC 1399 using SKA
• The LeMMINGs survey: probing sub-kpc radio structures of nearby galaxies with e-MERLIN
• AT2024lhc and AT2024kmq in the landscape of featureless tidal disruption events
• The Nature of Black Hole Shadows
• Black holes
• Probing the Jet Turnover Frequency Dependence on Black Hole Mass and Mass Accretion Rate
• A multi-wavelength study of GRS 1716-249 in outburst : constraints on its system parameters
• Neutrino flares from black hole coronae
• On the origin of core radio emissions from black hole sources in the realm of relativistic shocked accretion flow
• The science case and challenges of space-borne sub-millimeter interferometry
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• Multimessenger Constraints on the Central Engine in SN 2023ixf: Neutron Star or Black Hole?