Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity in Quiescent Regime

Abstract

A correlation among the radio luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{R}}$), X-ray luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{X}}$), and black hole mass ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and black hole binaries is known to exist and is called the "Fundamental Plane" of black hole activity. Yuan & Cui (2005) predicts that the radio/X-ray correlation index, ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}$, changes from ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\approx 0.6$ to ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\approx 1.2-1.3$ when $L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$ decreases below a critical value $\sim 10^{-6}$. While many works favor such a change, there are also several works claiming the opposite. In this paper, we gather from literature a largest quiescent AGN (defined as $L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}<10^{-6}$) sample to date, consisting of $75$ sources. We find that these quiescent AGNs follow a ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\approx 1.23$ radio/X-ray relationship, in excellent agreement with the Yuan \& Cui prediction. The reason for the discrepancy between the present result and some previous works is that their samples contain not only quiescent sources but also "normal" ones (i.e., $L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}>10^{-6}$). In this case, the quiescent sources will mix up with those normal ones in $L_{\mathrm{R}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{X}}$. The value of ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}$ will then be between $0.6$ and $\sim 1.3$, with the exact value being determined by the sample composition, i.e., the fraction of the quiescent and normal sources. Based on this result, we propose that a more physical way to study the Fundamental Plane is to replace $L_{\mathrm{R}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{X}}$ with $L_{\mathrm{R}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$, respectively.

11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

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