Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at the Galactic Centre

Abstract

The cores of most galaxies are thought to harbour supermassive black holes, which power galactic nuclei by converting the gravitational energy of accreting matter into radiation (ref 1). Sagittarius A*, the compact source of radio, infrared and X-ray emission at the centre of the Milky Way, is the closest example of this phenomenon, with an estimated black hole mass that is 4 million times that of the Sun (refs. 2,3). A long-standing astronomical goal is to resolve structures in the innermost accretion flow surrounding Sgr A* where strong gravitational fields will distort the appearance of radiation emitted near the black hole. Radio observations at wavelengths of 3.5 mm and 7 mm have detected intrinsic structure in Sgr A*, but the spatial resolution of observations at these wavelengths is limited by interstellar scattering (refs. 4-7). Here we report observations at a wavelength of 1.3 mm that set a size of 37 (+16, -10; 3-sigma) microarcseconds on the intrinsic diameter of Sgr A*. This is less than the expected apparent size of the event horizon of the presumed black hole, suggesting that the bulk of SgrA* emission may not be not centred on the black hole, but arises in the surrounding accretion flow.

12 pages including 2 figures

References in corpus (17)

• Closest Star Seen Orbiting the Supermassive Black Hole at the Centre of the Milky Way
• Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center
• Stellar Orbits Around the Galactic Center Black Hole
• The Proper Motion of Sgr A*: II. The Mass of Sgr A*
• A size of ~1 AU for the radio source Sgr A* at the centre of the Milky Way
• Imaging Optically-Thin Hot Spots Near the Black Hole Horizon of Sgr A* at Radio and Near-Infrared Wavelengths
• An X-ray, IR, and Submillimeter Flare of Sagittarius A*
• Dynamical Constraints On Alternatives To Massive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei
• Detection of the Intrinsic Size of Sagittarius A* through Closure Amplitude Imaging (includes Online Supporting Material)
• The Intrinsic Size of Sagittarius A* from 0.35 cm to 6 cm
• Simulating the Emission and Outflows from Accretion Disks
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of Sgr A*: The Role of Near-IR Flares in Production of X-ray, Soft $\gamma$-ray and Sub-millimeter Emission
• The Flare Activity of SgrA*; New Coordinated mm to X-Ray Observations
• On The Nature of the Compact Dark Mass at the Galactic Center
• Proper Motion of the Compact, Nonthermal Radio Source in the Galactic Center, Sagittarius a*
• Structure of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz using VLBI Closure Quantities
• The jet model for Sgr A*: radio and X-ray spectrum

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• Observing the Galaxy's massive black hole with gravitational wave bursts
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• EHT-HOPS pipeline for millimeter VLBI data reduction
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• Test of Einstein equivalence principle near the Galactic center supermassive black hole
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• Accretion process onto super-spinning objects
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• Differentiating Disk and Black Hole Driven Jets with EHT Images of Variability in M87
• Can we detect a supertranslated black hole?
• Observational distinction between black holes and naked singularities: the role of the redshift function
• Gravitomagnetism and Pulsar Beam Precession near a Kerr Black Hole
• Polarization Whorls from M87* at the Event Horizon Telescope
• Seeing Black Holes : from the Computer to the Telescope
• Wormholes and Naked Singularities in Brans-Dicke cosmology
• Soft gamma-ray constraints on a bright flare from the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• System Design for the Event Horizon Imaging Experiment Using the PECMEO Concept
• Blacklight: A General-Relativistic Ray-Tracing and Analysis Tool
• Single-Field Model of Gravitational-Scalar Instability. II. Black Hole Formation
• Impact of Accretion Flow Dynamics on Gas-dynamical Black Hole Mass Estimates
• Understanding the Geometry of Astrophysical Magnetic Fields
• The Scales of Gravitational Lensing
• Probing Plasma Physics with Spectral Index Maps of Accreting Black Holes on Event Horizon Scales
• VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
• STU Black Holes and SgrA*
• First Space-VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*
• Accretion in active galactic nuclei and disk-jet coupling
• A comparative study of amplitude calibrations for East-Asia VLBI Network: a-priori and template spectrum methods
• Black Hole spin dependence of general relativistic multi-transonic accretion close to the horizon
• Detection of pulses from the Vela pulsar at millimeter wavelengths with phased ALMA
• Spinning compact binary inspiral II: Conservative angular dynamics
• Micro-arcsecond structure of Sagittarius A* revealed by high-sensitivity 86 GHz VLBI observations
• A first search of transients in the Galactic Center from 230 GHz ALMA observations
• Multi-wavelength torus-jet model for Sgr~A*
• Magnetic field structure in the vicinity of a super-massive black hole in low luminosity galaxies: the case of Sgr A*
• No Microwave Flare of Sagittarius A* around the G2 Periastron Passing
• Time Domain Filtering of Resolved Images of Sgr A*
• Maximum mass of a barotropic spherical star
• Frame dragging with optical vortices
• Optical properties of a Brane-World black hole as photons couple to the Weyl tensor
• A universal scaling law of black hole activity including gamma-ray bursts
• Formation of supermassive nuclei of Black holes in the early Universe by the mechanism of scalar-gravitational instability. I. Local picture
• Electromagnetic emissions from near-horizon region of an extreme Kerr-Taub-Nut black hole
• Towards a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes--I: Framework and a split monopole example
• Occultation of the Quiescent Emission from Sgr A* by IR Flares
• Spherical polytropic balls cannot mimic black holes
• Observational Signatures of Mass-Loading in Jets Launched by Rotating Black Holes
• Three-dimensional Radiative Properties of Hot Accretion Flows onto the Galactic Centre Black Hole
• The Science Case for Simultaneous mm-Wavelength Receivers in Radio Astronomy
• Gravitational - Scalar Instability of a Two-Component Degenerate System of Scalar Charged Fermions with Asymmetric Higgs Interaction
• The 1.4 mm core of Centaurus A: First VLBI results with the South Pole Telescope
• Effects of Hydrogen vs. Helium on Electromagnetic Black Hole Observables
• Confronting the jet model of Sgr A* with the Faraday rotation measure observations
• Numerical Evaluation of the Relativistic Magnetized Plasma Susceptibility Tensor and Faraday Rotation Coefficients
• Optical properties of a nonlinear magnetic charged rotating black hole surrounded by quintessence with a cosmological constant
• Detection of pulsar beams deflected by the black hole in Sgr A*: effects of black hole spin
• Test of relativistic gravity using microlensing of relativistically broadened lines in gravitationally lensed quasars
• Direct time radio variability induced by non-axisymmetric standing accretion shock instability: implications for M87
• An Illustrated History of Black Hole Imaging : Personal Recollections (1972-2002)
• Forward Ray Tracing and Hot Spots in Kerr Spacetime
• Can we identify massless braneworld black holes by observations?
• Accreting Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• Cosmological evolution of a statistical system of degenerate scalar charged fermions with an asymmetric scalar doublet. II. One-component system of doubly charged fermions
• Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
• Flare emission from Sagittarius A*
• Visualizing Spacetime Curvature via Gradient Flows III: The Kerr Metric and the Transitional Values of the Spin Parameter
• Evolution of plane perturbations in the cosmological environment of the Higgs scalar field and an ideal scalar charged fluid
• The $\text{q}$-metric naked singularity: A viable explanation for the nature of the central object in the Milky Way
• Approaching the event horizon: 1.3mm VLBI of SgrA*
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• The Effects of Tilt on the Time Variability of Millimeter and Infrared Emission from Sagittarius A*
• Reconstruction of Static Black Hole Images Using Simple Geometric Forms
• Imaging the event horizon of M87* from space on different timescales
• Very Large Array multi-band monitoring observations of M 31*
• Shadows of Black Holes in Vector-Tensor Galileons Modified Gravity
• The impact of resistivity on the variability of black hole accretion flows
• Formation of supermassive nuclei of Black holes in the early\\[8pt] Universe by the mechanism of scalar-gravitational instability. II. The evolution of localized spherical perturbations
• Smoothness of the future and past trapped sets in Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT spacetimes
• Accretion of Supersonic Winds on Boson Stars
• Stratified Simulations of Collisionless Accretion Disks
• Type III Dyson Sphere of Highly Advanced Civilizations around a Super Massive Black Hole
• Quadrupole stellar oscillations: The impact of gravitational waves from the Galactic Center
• Classification of a black hole spin out of its shadow using support vector machines
• Is the Carter-Israel conjecture correct?
• Simulating the pericentre passage of the Galactic centre star S2
• Time Lag in Intra-Day Variability of Sgr A* between the Light Curves at 90 and 102GHz
• Circular orbits and accretion disk around a deformed-Schwarzschild black hole in loop quantum gravity
• Formation of supermassive nuclei of Black holes in the early Universe by the mechanism of scalar-gravitational instability. III. Large scale picture
• Powering the Jets in NGC1052
• Coordinated mm/sub-mm observations of Sagittarius A* in May 2007
• 225 GHz Atmospheric Opacity Measurements from Two Arctic Sites
• Selected Chapters on Active Galactic Nuclei as Relativistic Systems
• A proof-of-concept neural network for inferring parameters of a black hole from partial interferometric images of its shadow
• Gravitational-Scalar Instability of a Cosmological Model Based on a Two-Component System of Degenerate Scalarly Charged Fermions with Asymmetric Higgs Interaction. I. Equations for Perturbations
• Einstein's Geometrical Versus Feynman's Quantum-Field Approaches to Gravity Physics: Testing by Modern Multimessenger Astronomy
• Constraining the Flaring Region of Sagittarius A* By 1.3mm VLBI Measurements
• Evolution of spherical perturbations in the cosmological environment of the Higgs scalar field and an ideal scalar charged fluid
• Greenland Telescope Project --- Direct Confirmation of Black Hole with Sub-millimeter VLBI
• A Pacemaker with P=2.48 hour Modulated the Generator of Flares in the X-ray Light Curve of Sgr A* in the year 2012
• Reconstructing Video from Interferometric Measurements of Time-Varying Sources
• Field equations and particle motion in covariant emergent gravity
• GALLIFRAY -- A geometric modeling and parameter estimation framework for black hole images using bayesian techniques
• Accretion Process as a Probe of Extra Dimensions in MOG Compact Object Spacetimes
• Greenland Telescope (GLT) Project: "A Direct Confirmation of Black Hole with Submillimeter VLBI"
• Demonstration of a broadband-RF VLBI system at 16 Gbps data rate per station
• Quasi-normal acoustic oscillations in the transonic Bondi flow
• The Jet in the Galactic Center: An Ideal Laboratory for Magnetohydrodynamics and General Relativity
• Searching for Radio Outflows from M31* with VLBI Observations
• General relativistic formulas for mass and spin of a Kerr black hole in terms of redshifts and orbital parameters
• The Tomimatsu-Sato metric reloaded
• Prospects for Wideband VLBI Correlation in the Cloud
• A VLBI receiving system for the South Pole Telescope
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• Shadows of Lorentzian traversable wormholes
• Jets at lowest mass accretion rates
• Active Galactic Nuclei - the Physics of Individual Sources and the Cosmic History of Formation and Evolution
• Effects of non-vanishing dark matter pressure in the Milky Way galaxy
• How to distinguish an actual astrophysical magnetized black hole mimicker from a true (theoretical) black hole
• The Core-shift of Sagittarius A* as a Discriminant between Disk and Jet Emission Models with millimeter-VLBI
• Fundamental fields around compact objects: Massive spin-2 fields, Superradiant instabilities and Stars with dark matter cores
• SgrA* emission at 7mm: variability and periodicity
• Polarimetric Imaging of Sgr A* in its Flaring State
• Cosmological models based on an asymmetric scalar doublet with kinetic coupling of components. I. General properties of the cosmological model
• Constraining the Accretion Flow in Sgr A* by General Relativistic Dynamical and Polarized Radiative Modeling
• Enabling Discoveries: Thirty Years of Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation at the National Science Foundation
• Visible shapes of black holes M87* and SgrA*
• Key Science Observations of AGNs with KaVA Array
• Diffractive X-ray Telescopes
• PATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
• An Axiomatic Review of Israel-Stewart Hydrodynamics and Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics