First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

Abstract

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A${}^{\ast }$), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of $\lambda =1.3\mathrm{mm}$. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of $51.8\pm 2.3$\,\uas (68\% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass $\sim 4\times 10^6{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits as well as maser proper motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination ($i>50^{\circ }$), as well as non-spinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of $10^3-10^5$ gravitational radii to event horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87${}^{\ast }$ shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.

24 pages, 6 figures, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters on May 12, 2022. See the published paper for the full authors list

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• Affine perturbation series of the deflection angle of a ray near the photon sphere of a Reissner-Nordström black hole
• Influence of plasma on the optical appearance of spinning black hole in Kalb-Ramond gravity and its Existence around M87* and Sgr A*
• Dark matter from primordial black holes would hold charge
• Long-term stable nonlinear evolutions of ultracompact black-hole mimickers
• Distinguishing black holes with and without spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theories via optical features
• Circular geodesics in the field of double-charged dilatonic black holes
• Homoclinic orbits in Kerr-Newman black holes
• The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: History, Philosophy, and Culture
• Is a photon ring invariably a closed structure?
• Mixed scalarization of charged black holes: from spontaneous to non-linear scalarization
• Blandford-Znajek jets in MOdified Gravity
• Novel regular black holes: geometry, source and shadow
• A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope
• Shadow of Kottler black hole in the presence of plasma for a co-moving observer
• Formation of regular black hole from baryonic matter
• Scalaroca stars: coupled scalar-Proca solitons
• Gravitational signatures of a nonlinear electrodynamics in $f(R,T)$ gravity
• Dynamical Instability of Self-Gravitating Membranes
• Dynamics and Emission Properties of Flux Ropes from Two-Temperature GRMHD Simulations with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Disentangling the Black Hole Mass Spectrum with Photometric Microlensing Surveys
• Multi-TeV dark matter density in the inner Milky Way halo: spectral and dynamical constraints
• Quantum-corrected Schwarzschild AdS black hole surrounded by quintessence: Thermodynamics and Shadows
• Parameter study for hot spot trajectories around Sgr$A\ast$
• Topological regular black holes without Cauchy horizon
• Spins of supermassive black holes M87* and SgrA* revealed from the size of dark spots in Event Horizon Telescope Images
• Quasinormal modes of loop quantum black holes near the Planck scale
• Anomalous Ionization in the Central Molecular Zone by sub-GeV Dark Matter
• Polarimetric Geometric Modeling for mm-VLBI Observations of Black Holes
• Throat effects on strong gravitational lensing in Kerr-like wormholes
• Thermodynamics of static and stationary black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with dark matter
• A first search of transients in the Galactic Center from 230 GHz ALMA observations
• Energies and angular momenta of periodic Schwarzschild geodesics
• Fractional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet scalar field cosmology
• On the nature of inner light-rings
• Shadows aspect of rotating black holes in the Einstein-AdS SU(N)-nonlinear sigma model
• New Non-Abelian Reissner-Nordström Black Hole Solutions in the Generalized SU(2) Proca Theory And Some Astrophysical Implications
• LISA Constraints on an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Galactic Centre
• Shadows and parameter estimation of rotating quantum corrected black holes and constraints from EHT observation of M87* and Sgr A*
• Influences of modified Chaplygin dark fluid around a black hole
• Slowly-rotating compact objects: the nonintegrability of Hartle-Thorne particle geodesics
• Exploring the shear viscosity in four-dimensional planar black holes beyond General Relativity
• Viable wormhole solution in Bopp-Podolsky electrodynamics
• Hunting for extra dimensions in black hole shadows
• Nonseparability of multipartite systems in dilaton black hole
• The ring-shaped shadow of rotating naked singularity with a complete photon sphere
• Analyzing Deflection Angles and Photon Sphere Dynamics of Magnetically Charged Black Holes in Nonlinear Electrodynamic
• Imaging a semi-classical horizonless compact object with strong redshift
• Gravitational Lensing of Massive Particles in the Charged NUT Spacetime
• The Existence and Distribution of Photon Spheres Near Spherically Symmetric Black Holes -- A Geometric Analysis
• Radii of spherical photon orbits around Kerr-Newman black holes
• Gravitational lensing and accretion disk imaging of a Buchdahl dense core
• Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
• Interferometric signature of higher-order images in a parametrized framework
• Lorentz violation signatures in the low-energy sector of Hořava gravity from black hole shadow observations
• Black hole photon ring beyond General Relativity: an integrable parametrization
• Resolving the Vicinity of Supermassive Black Holes with Gravitational Microlensing
• Long-lived quasinormal modes, shadows and particle motion in four-dimensional quasi-topological gravity
• Axisymmetric, stationary collisionless gas configurations surrounding black holes
• Effect of quintessence dark energy on the shadow of Hayward black holes with spherical accretion
• Extreme lensing induces spectro-temporal correlations in black-hole signals
• Resonant orbits of rotating black holes beyond circularity: Discontinuity along parameter shift
• Optical Appearance and Shadow of Kalb-Ramond Black Hole: Effects of Plasma and Accretion Models
• Free-falling test particles in a charged Kalb-Ramond black hole: gravitational Doppler effect and tidal forces
• Multi-wavelength temporal variability of the blazar PKS 1510-089
• Multi-Frequency Models of Black Hole Photon Rings from Low-Luminosity Accretion Disks
• Gravitational Lensing and Image Distortion by Buchdahl Inspired Metric in ${\mathcal{R}}^2$ Gravity
• Observable Signatures of RN Black Holes with Dark Matter Halos via Strong Gravitational Lensing and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Periodic orbits of neutral test particles in Reissner-Nordström naked singularities
• Perturbative and non-linear analyses of gravitational turbulence in spacetimes with stable light rings
• The thermodynamics of isolated horizons in loop quantum gravity
• Black Holes as Fermion Factories
• Black hole in a generalized Chaplygin-Jacobi dark fluid: shadow and light deflection angle
• Exact wave-optical imaging of a Kerr-de Sitter black hole using Heun's equation
• Frolov Black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence -- I: Thermodynamics, Geodesics and Shadows
• Energy Extraction from Loop Quantum Black Holes: The Role of Magnetic Penrose Process and Quantum Gravity Effects with Astrophysical Insights
• Speeding Up Squeezing with a Periodically Driven Dicke Model
• Discovery of a Planar Black Hole Mass Scaling Relation for Spiral Galaxies
• Measuring Black Hole Light Echoes with Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• Chaotic magnetic disconnections trigger flux eruptions in accretion flows channeled onto magnetically saturated Kerr black holes
• X3: a high-mass Young Stellar Object close to the supermassive black hole Sgr~A*
• Milky Way globular clusters on cosmological timescales. II. Interaction with the Galactic centre
• Constraining black hole parameters with the precessing jet nozzle of M87*
• Galactic black hole immersed in a dark halo with its surrounding thin accretion disk
• Gravitational lensing by a stable rotating regular black hole
• Four $\mathbb{STU}$ Black Holes Shadows
• Energy extraction through magnetic reconnection from a Kerr-Newman black hole in perfect fluid dark matter
• Explanation for the absence of secondary peaks in black hole light curve autocorrelations
• On Innermost Stable Spherical Orbits near a rotating black hole: A numerical study of the particle motion near the plunging region
• On the analytic generalization of particle deflection in the weak field regime and shadow size in light of EHT constraints for Schwarzschild-like black hole solutions
• Shadows of black holes at cosmological distances in the co-varying physical couplings framework
• Null geodesics in extremal Kerr-Newman black holes
• Forward Ray Tracing and Hot Spots in Kerr Spacetime
• Spacetime Measurements with the Photon Ring
• The formation and stability of a cold disc made out of stellar winds in the Galactic Centre
• Gödel-type solutions within the $f(R,Q,P)$ gravity
• Astrophysical observables for regular black holes with sub-Planckian curvature
• Quasibound state reminiscent in de-Sitter black holes: Quasinormal modes and the decay of massive fields
• Whispers from the quantum core: the ringdown of semiclassical stars
• Effects of a global monopole on thermodynamic phase transition of the charged AdS black hole
• Gravitational scattering of spinning neutrinos by a rotating black hole with a slim magnetized accretion disk
• SgrA${}^{\ast }$ spin and mass estimates through the detection of an extremely large mass-ratio inspiral
• Self-interacting scalar field distributions around Schwarzschild black holes
• 25 years of XMM-Newton observations of the Sgr A complex: 3D distribution and internal structure of the clouds
• Probing loop quantum effects through solar system experiments: observational signatures and parameter constraints
• Perturbations of massless external fields in Horndeski hairy black hole
• Can light-rings self-gravitate?
• Constraints on metric-affine gravity black holes from the stellar motion at the Galactic Center
• Covariant dynamics from static spherically symmetric geometries
• Illuminating Black Hole Shadow with Dark Matter Annihilation
• Shadows and Optical Appearances of Black Holes in $R^2$ Gravity
• Influence of Quantum Correction on Kerr Black Hole in Effective Loop Quantum Gravity via Shadows and EHT Results
• Charged black holes in Kalb-Ramond gravity: Weak Deflection Angle, Shadow cast, Quasinormal Modes and Neutrino annihilation
• Photon Ring Interferometric Signatures Beyond The Universal Regime
• Inferring Black Hole Spin from Interferometric Measurements of the First Photon Ring: A Geometric Approach
• Black Hole Shadows in Einstein-Bel-Robinson Gravity
• Premerger localization of intermediate mass binary black holes with LISA and prospects of joint observations with Athena and LSST
• Extreme Tidal Stripping May Explain the Overmassive Black Hole in Leo I: a Proof of Concept
• The $\text{q}$-metric naked singularity: A viable explanation for the nature of the central object in the Milky Way
• Investigating the shadows of new regular black holes with a Minkowski core: Effects of spherical accretion and core type differences
• An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
• Photon ring polarimetry with next-generation black hole imaging I. M87*
• Scattering of neutrinos by a rotating black hole accounting for the electroweak interaction with an accretion disk
• Physical origin of the dark spot at the image of supermassive black hole SgrA* revealed by the EHT collaboration
• Shadow Cast by the Kerr MOG Black Hole under the Influence of Plasma and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Multimodal signatures of asymptotic (A)dS Kalb-Ramond black holes: Constraints through the shadow, weak deflection angle, and topological photon spheres
• Comment on "Horizon-scale tests of gravity theories and fundamental physics from the Event Horizon Telescope image of Sagittarius A*"
• Future prospects for measuring 1PPN parameters using observations of S2 and S62 at the Galactic Center
• Neutrino spin and flavor oscillations in gravitational fields
• Field Sources for $f(R,R_{\mu \nu })$ Black-Bounce Solutions: The Case of K-Gravity
• Accretion from Winds of Red Giant Branch Stars May Reveal the Supermassive Black Hole in Leo I
• Magnetized Thick Disks around Boson Stars
• Total light bending in non-asymptotically flat black hole spacetimes
• Ringdown spectroscopy of phenomenologically modified black holes
• Shadows of Kerr-Vaidya-like black holes
• The impact of gravitational lensing in the reconstruction of stellar orbits around Sgr A*
• Black hole scalarizations induced by parity violations
• First polarization study of the M87 jet and active galactic nuclei at submillimeter wavelengths with ALMA
• Graviton mass due to dark energy as a superconducting medium: theoretical and phenomenological aspects
• Gravitational lens on a static optical constant-curvature background: Its application to Weyl gravity model
• Deflection and Gravitational lensing of null and timelike signals in the Kiselev black hole spacetime in the weak field limit
• High-energy Gamma-rays from Magnetically Arrested Disks in Nearby Radio Galaxies
• A Milliarcsecond-accurate Position for Sagittarius A*
• Magnetic flux eruptions at the root of time-lags in low-luminosity AGN
• The Evaporating Massive Embedded Stellar Cluster IRS 13 Close to Sgr A*. II. Kinematic structure
• The impact of resistivity on the variability of black hole accretion flows
• Relativistic time delay analysis of pulsar signals near ultra-compact objects
• QED Effects on Kerr-Newman Black Hole Shadows
• Testing black holes with cosmological constant in Einstein-bumblebee gravity through the black hole shadow using EHT data and deflection angle
• Quasinormal Modes and Greybody Factors of Charged Symmergent Black Hole
• Modelling variability power spectra of active galaxies from irregular time series
• General Relativistic effects and the NIR variability of Sgr A* II: A systematic approach to temporal asymmetry
• Accurate analytical modeling of light rays in spherically symmetric spacetimes: Applications in the study of black hole accretion disks and polarimetry
• Modelling the Track of the GD-1 Stellar Stream Inside a Host with a Fermionic Dark Matter Core-Halo Distribution
• Observing axions through photon ring dimming of black holes
• Testing Gravity with Black Hole X-Ray Data
• Herrera Complexity and Shadows of Spherically Symmetric Compact Objects
• Superradiance of rotating black holes surrounded by dark matter
• Strong Gravitational Lensing in Horndeski theory
• First VLBI detection of Fornax A
• Deflection and gravitational lensing with finite distance effect in the strong deflection limit in stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes
• Particle dynamics and optical appearance of charged spherically symmetric black holes in bumblebee gravity
• Remarks on the light ring images and the optical appearance of hairy black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity
• Black Holes in Lorentz-Violating Gravity: Thermodynamics, Geometry, and Particle Dynamics
• Optical appearance of the Schwarzschild black hole in the string cloud context
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope III. Zingularity results from the 2017 observations and predictions for future array expansions
• Black Holes with Abelian and Non-Abelian Charges and Their Impact on Matter Accretion Flows
• Analyzing the effect of higher dimensions on the black hole silhouette, deflection angles, and PINN approximated quasinormal modes
• Dark Matter Constraints from the Eccentric Supermassive Black Hole Binary OJ 287
• The DIVING${}^{3D}$ Survey - Deep IFS View of Nuclei of Galaxies - III. Analysis of the nuclear region of the early-type galaxies of the sample
• Imaging fermionic dark matter cores at the center of galaxies
• Astrophysical and electromagnetic emissivity properties of black holes surrounded by a quintessence type exotic fluid in the Scalar-Vector-Tensor Modified Gravity
• Expanding Sgr A* dynamical imaging capabilities with an African extension to the Event Horizon Telescope
• Imaging the event horizon of M87* from space on different timescales
• Accelerating Tests of General Relativity with Gravitational-Wave Signals using Hybrid Sampling
• Einstein-Horndeski gravity and the ultra slowly evaporating black hole
• Self-Gravitating Matter in Stationary and Axisymmetric Black Hole Spacetimes
• Probing Accretion Turbulence in the Galactic Center with EHT Polarimetry
• Prospects for ray-tracing light intensity and polarization in models of accreting compact objects using a GPU
• Kerr-scalaron metric and astronomical consequences near the Galactic Center black hole
• Trigonometric parallax and proper motion of Sagittarius A* measured by VERA using the new broad-band back-end system OCTAVE-DAS
• WISE2MBH: A scaling-based algorithm for probing supermassive black hole masses through WISE catalogues
• Candidate Young Stellar Objects in the S-cluster: The Kinematic Analysis of a Sub-population of the Low-mass G-objects close to Sgr A*
• Strong gravitational lensing effects around rotating regular black holes
• New Evidence for a Flux-independent Spectral Index of Sgr A* in the Near-infrared
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope I. Calibration improvements and a comprehensive synthetic data library
• Regular Black Hole Models in the Transition from Baryonic Matter to Quark Matter
• Possible Existence of Ghost Stars in the context of Electromagnetic Field
• Semi-analytic studies of accretion disk and magnetic field geometry in M87*
• Periodic equatorial orbits in a black bounce scenario
• Shadows of naked singularity in Brans-Dicke gravity
• Charged black hole solutions in $f(R,T)$ gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics
• New Black Hole Solutions of Second and First Order Formulations of Nonlinear Electrodynamics
• Static spheres and Aschenbach effect for black holes in massive gravity
• Observational signatures from higher-order images of moving hotspots in accretion disks
• New rotating Lorentzian wormhole spacetime
• Gravitational entanglement witness through Einstein ring image
• Image of Quantum Improved Regular Kerr Black Hole and Parameter Constraints from EHT Observations
• Thermodynamic and observational constraints on black holes with primary hair in Beyond Horndeski Gravity: Stability and shadows
• Correspondence between two gravitational lens equations in a static and spherically symmetric spacetime
• On optical appearance of Einstein-Maxwell-Æther black holes surrounded by various accretions
• Radial perturbations of Ellis-Bronnikov wormholes in slow rotation up to second order
• Electron Heating in the Trans-Relativistic Perpendicular Shocks of Tilted Accretion Flows
• Trajectories of photons around a rotating black hole with unusual asymptotics
• Prospects for probing small-scale dark matter models with pulsars around Sagittarius A*
• Fate of initially bound timelike geodesics in spherical boson stars
• Quantum Radio Astronomy: Data Encodings and Quantum Image Processing
• Can electromagnetic charge inhabit in Rastall gravity?
• Solitonic Gravastars in a U(1) gauge Higgs model
• Estimating the mass-to-distance ratio for a set of megamaser AGN black holes by employing a general relativistic method
• Determining parameters of a spherical black hole with a thin accretion disk by observing its shadow
• The Shadow of Supertranslated Schwarzschild Black Hole
• Climbing out of the shadows: building the distance ladder with black hole images
• A Pair of Early- and Late-Forming Galaxy Cluster Samples: a Novel Way of Studying Halo Assembly Bias Assisted by a Constrained Simulation
• Efficient search method of anomalous reflection by the central object in an EMRI system by future space gravitational wave detectors
• Measuring the Spin of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole with Two Pulsars
• Hot, cold, and multi-component accretion flows around supermassive black hole binaries
• Three dimensional charged black holes in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission
• Thermodynamic Topological Classes of Family of Black Holes with NUT-Charge
• The Quasinormal Modes and Isospectrality of Bardeen (Anti-) de Sitter Black Holes
• Cumulative effect of orbital resonances in extreme-mass-ratio inspirals
• Red giant - jet collisions in galactic nuclei I: 3D hydrodynamical model of a few stellar orbits
• Accretion Properties and Estimation of Spin of Galactic Black Hole Candidate Swift J1728.9-3613 with NuSTAR during its 2019 outburst
• Relation between circular photon orbits and the stability of wormholes with the thin shell of a barotropic fluid
• Fully Collective Superradiant Lasing with Vanishing Sensitivity to Cavity Length Vibrations
• Traces of quantum fuzziness on the black hole shadow and particle deflection in the multi-fractional theory of gravity
• Field Sources for Wormholes With Multiple Throats/Anti-throats
• Retrograde Precession of Relativistic Orbits and the Quest for Charged Black Holes
• Signatures of Einstein-Maxwell dilaton-axion gravity from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations in black holes
• Synchrotron emitting Komissarov torus around naked singularities
• Primary Proca Hair and the Double-Peak Optics of Black Holes
• Modelling the Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ and M87${}^{\ast }$ shadows by using the Kerr-Taub-NUT metrics in the presence of a scalar field
• A comparison between the deflection angles of massive and massless particles in the Shchwarzschild space-time and their consequences on black hole shadows
• Kerr--Newman Memory Effect
• Observational features of reflection asymmetric black holes
• Vacuum Spacetime With Multipole Moments: The Minimal Size Conjecture, Black Hole Shadow, and Gravitational Wave Observables
• Black Hole Merger Rates in AGN: contribution from gas-captured binaries
• Dust collapse and horizon formation in Quadratic Gravity
• Black holes shielded by magnetic fields
• Non-minimally coupled electromagnetic fields and observable implications for primordial black holes
• Analyzing the Influence of Geometrical Deformation on Photon Sphere and Shadow Radius: A New Analytical Approach -Stationary, and Axisymmetric Spacetime
• Neutrino spin oscillations in a magnetized Polish doughnut
• Scalar Quasinormal Modes of Rotating Regular Black Holes
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Purely metric Horndeski theories and spontaneous curvaturization of black holes
• Fractal signatures of non-Kerr spacetimes in the shadow of light-ring bifurcations
• Strong gravitational lensing by black hole in F(R) Euler Heisenberg Gravity's Rainbow
• New model of spontaneous scalarization of black holes induced by curvature and matter
• Evolving wormhole formation in dRGT massive gravity
• Identifying the Event Horizons of Parametrically Deformed Black-Hole Metrics
• Shadows and Observational Images of a Schwarzschild-like Black Hole Surrounded by a Dehnen-type Dark Matter Halo
• The surface geometry and shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with halo
• Synchrotron emitting Komissarov torus with magnetic polarization around Kerr black holes
• Searching for quantum-gravity footprint around stellar-mass black holes
• Shadow and thin accretion disk around Ayón-Beato-García black hole coupled with cloud of strings
• PyGRO: a Python Integrator for General Relativistic Orbits
• Aberration effect on lower-order images of thin accretion disk in the astrometric approach
• Modeling HF-QPOs in Microquasars and AGNs: Charged Particles around Black Holes with CDM Halos
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• Investigating non-Keplerian motion in flare events with astrometric data
• An innovative black hole solution and thermodynamic properties in higher-order curvature gravity with a scalar field
• Image of the time-dependent black hole
• Optical images of the Kerr-Sen black hole and thin accretion disk
• Hamiltonian Formulation of Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Accretion on a General Spherically Symmetric and Static Black Hole: Quantum effects on Shock States
• Lensing Stability and Scattering Phenomena in Anisotropic Black Hole Spacetimes in Plasma
• Buchdahl bound, photon ring, ISCO and radial acceleration in Einstein-æther theory
• Probing a Lorentz-violating parameter from orbital precession of the S2 star around the galactic centre supermassive black hole
• Overlapping of photon rings in black hole imaging
• Response of a Kerr black hole to a generic tidal perturbation
• Strong Gravitational Lensing Effects of the Rotating Short-Haired Black Hole and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Quantum Gravitational Hair in Gravastars and Observational Tests
• Shadows of a generic class of spherically symmetric, static spacetimes
• Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Spikes
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Photon ring autocorrelations from gravitational fluctuations around a black hole
• Dark Matter reconstruction from stellar orbits in the Galactic Centre
• Shadow of the Scalar Hairy Black Hole with Inverted Higgs Potential
• Non-Topological Soliton Bardeen Boson Stars and Their Frozen States
• Signatures of modified gravity from the gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect
• Impact of the nonthermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A*
• Gravitational Lensing by a Dark Compact Object in Modified Gravity and Observational Constraints from Einstein Rings
• Strong Lensing Effect and Quasinormal Modes of Oscillations of Black Holes in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R},\mathbf{T})$ Gravity Theory
• Observational properties of black hole in quantum fluctuation modified gravity
• Effect of generic dark matter halo on transonic accretion onto galactic black holes
• Gravitational-wave imprints of Kerr--Bertotti--Robinson black holes: frequency blue-shift and waveform dephasing
• Asymptotically AdS black hole with a conformally-coupled scalar field in the first-order formalism of gravity
• Black hole accretion of scalar clouds with spontaneous symmetry breaking
• Axion signals from neutron star populations
• Uniqueness of photon sphere for Reissner-Nordström electric-magnetic system
• Not all spacetime coordinates for general-relativistic ray tracing are created equal
• Curled orbit and epicyclic oscillation of charged particles around the weakly magnetized black hole in the presence of Lorentz violation
• Axisymmetric, stationary collisionless gas clouds trapped in a Newtonian potential
• Quantum parameter-mass induced scalarization of qOS-black hole in the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-scalar theory
• Periodic orbits and their gravitational wave radiations in $\gamma$-metric
• From de Sitter to anti-de Sitter singularity regularization: Theory and phenomenology
• Radiative properties of thin accretion disks around rotating short-hairy black holes
• A full waveform model for arbitrarily axis-symmetric black hole mergers
• Gravitational Black Hole Shadow Spectroscopy
• GALLIFRAY -- A geometric modeling and parameter estimation framework for black hole images using bayesian techniques
• Jet Archaeology and Forecasting: Image Variability and Magnetic Field Configuration
• Observational constraints on the Kerr and its several single-parameter modified spacetimes using quasi-periodic oscillation data
• Shadow of F(R)-EH Black Hole and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Shadow of quadrupole-deformed compact objects in a local dark matter shell
• Testing the Existence of Event Horizons against Rotating Reflecting Surfaces
• Strong gravitational lensing by a Reissner-Nordström naked singularity with a marginally unstable photon sphere
• Relativistic structure of a supermassive black hole embedded in the dark matter halo of NGC 4649 (M60)
• Non-thermal Synchrotron Emission and Polarization Signatures during Black Hole Flux Eruptions
• Global resistive MHD accretion flows around spinning AGNs: impact of resistivity on MAD state
• Searching for new Hypervelocity Stars with Gaia DR3 and VLT/FORS2 Spectroscopy
• Supermassive black hole in NGC 4649 (M60) with a dark matter halo: Impact on shadow measurements and thermodynamic properties
• Epicyclic Frequencies for a Generic Ultracompact Object
• Tracking X-ray Variability in Next Generation EHT LLAGN Targets
• Observational and theoretical aspects of Superspinars
• Forgotten treasures in the HST/FOC UV imaging polarimetric archives of active galactic nuclei. II. Mrk 463E
• Synthetic gravitational lens image of the Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$ black hole with a thin disk model
• Membrane Paradigm Approach to the Johannsen-Psaltis Black Hole
• Gauss-Bonnet lensing of spinning massive particles in static spherically symmetric spacetimes
• Neutral particle collisions near Gibbons-Maeda-Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger black holes after shadow observations
• Exploring the role of accretion disk geometry in shaping black hole shadows
• Deblurring galaxy images with Tikhonov regularization on magnitude domain
• Shadow analysis of an approximate rotating black hole solution with weakly coupled global monopole charge
• Accretion of the degenerate Fermi gas onto a Reissner-Nordström black hole
• Slowly rotating ultracompact Schwarzschild star in the gravastar limit
• On Equation of State of Dark Matter around Massive Black Holes
• Revisiting 3C 279 jet morphology with space VLBI at 26 microarcsecond resolution
• A General Discussion on Photon Spheres in Different Categories of Spacetimes
• Semiclassical bremsstrahlung from a charge radially falling into a Schwarzschild black hole
• Accretion of supersonic magnetized winds onto black holes
• Lensing by black holes within astrophysical environments
• Shedding Light on Gravity: Black Hole Shadows and Lensing Signatures in Lorentz Gauge Theory
• Determining parameters of Kerr black holes at finite distance by shadow observation
• Observational signatures of Rotating compact objects in Plasma space-time
• Regular black hole solutions in $(2+1)$-dimensional $f(R,T)$ gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics
• A way of decoupling the gravitational bulk field equations of regular braneworld black holes to suppress the bulk singularities
• Measuring the properties of homogeneous turbulence in curved spacetimes
• Cyclic Kruskal Universe: a quantum-corrected Schwarzschild black hole in unitary unimodular gravity
• Shadow Ringing of Black Holes from Photon Sphere Quasinormal Modes
• Regular Black Hole Cores via Gravitational Evanescence of Collapsing Matter
• Shadow geometry of Kerr MOG naked singularity and analysis of accretion disk luminosity
• Tidal forces around the Letelier-Alencar cloud of strings black hole
• Ten years of extreme gravity tests of general theory of relativity with gravitational-wave observations
• Cosmological Constraints on 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity and Kaniadakis Holographic Dark Energy: Implications for Black Hole Shadows
• Determining parameters of Kerr-Newman black holes by shadow observation from finite distance and spatial infinity
• Gravitational lensing inside and outside of a marginally unstable photon sphere in a general, static, spherically symmetric, and asymptotically-flat spacetime in strong deflection limits
• Effect of Earth's Oblateness on Black Hole Imaging Through Earth-Space and Space-Space VLBI
• Strong-deflection expansion of the deflection angle near a degenerate photon sphere
• Gravitational-wave signatures of nonviolent nonlocality
• Radiative Cooling Effects on Plasmoid Formation in Black Hole Accretion Flows with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Gravitational Lensing in the Kerr Spacetime: An Analytic Approach for Light and High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
• SgrA* spin and mass estimates through the detection of multiple extremely large mass-ratio inspirals
• Nonsingular, lump-like, scalar compact objects in $(2+1)$-dimensional Einstein gravity
• Hairy black holes in extended Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theories with magnetic charge and kinetic couplings
• Effects of a modified Reissner-Nordström spacetime
• Spherical particle orbits around a rotating black hole in massive gravity
• An Approximate Kerr-Newman-like Metric Endowed with a Magnetic Dipole and Mass Quadrupole
• Gravitational wave pulse and memory effects for hairy Kiselev black hole and its analogy with Bondi-Sachs formalism
• Black holes with scalar hair: Extending from and beyond the Schwarzschild solution
• Detectability of Massive Boson Stars using Gravitational Waves from Fundamental Oscillations
• Null geodesics around a black hole with weakly coupled global monopole charge
• Black hole solutions in Cotton gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics
• Shadow formation in gravitational collapse: Redshift and blueshift by spacetime dynamics
• Constraints on the Scale Parameter of Regular Black Hole in Asymptotically Safe Gravity from Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
• Variability as a new discovery channel for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Time Domain Era
• Shadows of a Non-Commutative Black Hole under the Influence of a Magnetized Plasma
• Amoeba: An AGN Model of Optical Emissions Beyond steady-state Accretion discs
• Nonminimally coupled scalar field in Schwarzschild--de Sitter spacetime: Geodesic synchrotron radiation
• Towards a unitary formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime: the case of de Sitter spacetime
• Discovery of a Dense Association of Stars in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole Sgr A*
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• Kilogauss magnetic field and jet dynamics in the quasar NRAO 530
• The effects of the spin and quadrupole moment of SgrA* on the orbits of S stars
• Limiting the Yukawa Gravity through the Black Hole Shadows of Sgr A* and M87*
• Penrose process in magnetized non-Kerr rotating spacetime with anomalous quadrupole moment
• Light propagation around a Kerr-like black hole immersed in an inhomogeneous anisotropic plasma in Rastall gravity: Analytical solutions to the equations of motion
• How black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• The Core-shift of Sagittarius A* as a Discriminant between Disk and Jet Emission Models with millimeter-VLBI
• Post-Newtonian limit of generalized scalar-teleparallel theories of gravity
• The Steady State of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Near a Supermassive Black Hole
• Black Holes and Thermogeometric Optimization
• Vacuum polarization effects in the background of a deformed compact object and implications for photon velocity
• Photon region boundary for stationary axisymmetric black holes
• Stable long-term evolution in numerical relativity
• Bayesian analysis of analog gravity systems with the Rezzolla-Zhidenko metric
• Gravitational signatures beyond Newton: exploring hierarchical three-body dynamics
• Spin oscillations of neutrinos scattered by the supermassive black hole in the galactic center
• General relativistic quasi-spherical accretion in a dark matter halo
• Auto- and cross-correlations for multiple images of corotating hotspots in accretion disks
• Imaging the destruction of a rotating regular black hole
• Microlensing Black Hole Shadows
• Tidal disruption events as the origin of the eROSITA and Fermi bubbles
• Effect of nonlinear electrodynamics on polarization distribution around black hole
• Horizons, throats and bounces in hybrid metric-Palatini gravity with a non-zero potential
• Shadow of topologically charged rotating braneworld black hole
• Deciphering signatures of Kerr-Sen black holes in presence of plasma from the Event Horizon Telescope data
• Asymptotic behavior of null geodesics near future null infinity IV: Null-access theorem for generic asymptotically flat spacetime
• Tidal Love numbers of a nonexotic compact object with a thin shell
• Shadow constraints of charged black hole with scalar hair and gravitational waves from extreme mass ratio inspirals
• Magnification of Classical Multimessenger Signals in Stationary and Axisymmetric Spacetimes with Separable Equations of Motion
• Exploring black hole shadows in axisymmetric spacetimes with coordinate-independent methods and neural networks
• Emission of spacetime waves from the partial collapse of a compact object
• Perturbations of Einstein--Maxwell--phantom spacetime: Instabilities of charged Ellis--Bronnikov wormholes and quasinormal modes of black holes
• Black holes and wormholes in Deser-Woodard gravity
• Nonlinear causality of Israel-Stewart theory with diffusion
• Exploring black holes with multiple photon spheres by interferometric signatures
• Critical masses and numerical computation of massive scalar quasinormal modes in Schwarzschild black holes
• Shadows cast by a class of rotating black bounces with an anisotropic fluid
• Formation of gravastars
• Shadow of rotating black holes with consistent thermodynamics
• The dynamics of S-stars and G-sources orbiting a supermassive compact object made of fermionic dark matter
• Gravitational aspects of a new bumblebee black hole
• Intensive X-ray/UVOIR continuum reverberation mapping of the Seyfert AGN MCG+08-11-11
• Geodesic dynamics and multi-inclination images of a non-minimally coupled black hole with a thin accretion disk
• Black hole images as probes of thermodynamic evolution
• Gravitational decoupling and regular hairy black holes: Geodesic stability, quasinormal modes, and thermodynamic properties
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Absorption and scattering of massless scalar waves by Frolov black holes
• Determination of the angular momentum of the Kerr black hole from equatorial geodesic motion
• Spherically symmetric black holes in Gravity from Entropy and spontaneous emission
• Cosmological coupled black holes immersed in dark sector
• Deflection in higher dimensional spacetime and asymptotically non-flat spacetimes
• Optical and orbital characterization of spherically symmetric static black holes of self-gravitating new nonlinear electrodynamics model
• Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star Collapse in Massive Scalar-Tensor Theories
• Shadows of quintessence black holes: spherical accretion, photon trajectories, and geodesic observers
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• Closing the gap: Follow-up observations of peculiar dusty objects close to Sgr A* using ERIS
• Electromagnetic radiation from circular orbits in Schwarzschild--de Sitter spacetime
• Higher-dimensional electric-magnetic photon sphere uniqueness
• Milliarcsecond astrometric oscillations in active galactic nuclei as a precursor of multi-messenger gravitational wave events
• Charge constraint on M87* with twisted light
• Toward Optimisation of a Sub-Terahertz Spaceborne VLBI Mission
• Shadows for Kerr-Sen-Taub-NUT black holes with Manko-Ruiz parameter
• Iterative Relaxation Method to Obtain Global Transonic Flows around Compact Objects
• Non-Keplerian Charged Accretion Disk Orbiting a Black Hole~Pulsar
• Photon surfaces, shadows and accretion disks in gravity with minimally coupled scalar field
• Parabolic-like Trend in SiO Ratios throughout the Central Molecular Zone: Possible Signature of a Past Nuclear Activity in the Galactic Center
• Prospects for Revealing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in NGC 1399 using SKA
• S2-star dynamics probing the Galaxy core cluster
• Accreting Schwarzschild-like compact object: Plasma-photon interaction and stability
• Charged traversable wormholes: charge without charge
• Off-equatorial deflections and gravitational lensing. II. In general stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes
• Thermodynamics and orbital structure of anti-de Sitter black holes in Palatini-inspired nonlinear electrodynamics
• Macroscopic backreaction of the trace anomaly on classical vacuum backgrounds
• Variability of Sagittarius A* at 3 GHz on minute-scale with MeerKAT
• Spin-Induced Nonlinear Scalarization of Kerr Black Holes in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Single-rotating Five-dimensional Near-horizon Extremal Geometry in General Relativity
• Shadow of a Noncommutative Thin-Shell Gravastar
• On the Gravitational Angular Momentum of Axial Perturbations of a Regular Black Hole
• Polarization Signatures of Rotating Black Holes in Perfect Fluid Dark Matter Spacetimes
• Constraining Kerr supermassive black hole properties using gravitational waves from inspiraling stellar-mass binary black holes
• Ultra-High-Resolution Astronomy with the Solar Gravitational Lens
• An analytic model for a total process of gravitational collapse: From star to Schwarzschild black hole
• First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Fringe Detection at 690GHz
• Investigating the interplay of the braneworld gravity and the plasma environment on the black hole shadow
• Fast and accurate analytical formulas for light propagation in general static, spherically symmetric spacetimes
• The Role of Inhomogeneities in the Turbulent Accretion of Black Holes
• Where within the 3C 84 jet are $\gamma$-rays produced?
• Effect of primary scalar hair on black hole's strong lensing in Beyond Horndeski Gravity
• Testing the black hole area law with Event Horizon Telescope
• Full-polarization millimeter wavelength variability of Sagittarius A* during the 2018 EHT campaign
• Chaotic dynamics of charged particles near weakly magnetized black holes in Einstein-ModMax Theory
• The Dyson Minds 2025 Workshop: SETI around Black Holes
• Gravitational Waves beyond the Linear Approximation and Gravitational Wave Reflection
• Modeling the shadow of Sgr A* through an eclipsing black hole
• What are the parities of photon-ring images near a black hole?
• Scattering of massive particles from black holes and naked singularities
• Probing the disk-jet coupling in M87
• Topological charge and black hole photon spheres in massive gravity
• Multipole decomposition of the gravitational field of a point mass at the black hole horizon
• Uniqueness of electric-magnetic spacetimes with massive particle
• Islands of Electromagnetic Tranquility in Our Galactic core and Little Red Dots that Shelter Molecules and Prebiotic Chemistry
• Superradiance and Quasinormal Modes of Massive Scalar Fields around Kerr Black Holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion Theory with Perfect Fluid Dark Matter
• Images of the accretion disk in Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity
• Parallel Ray Tracing of Black Hole Images Using the Schwarzschild Metric
• Charged black holes in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity: An in-depth analysis of the structure of spacetime geometry
• Implication of spin constraints by the Event Horizon Telescope on stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
• Stability analysis of geodesics in dynamical Chern-Simons black holes: a geometrical perspective
• Shared-optical-path VLBI frequency phase transfer from 86 to 258 GHz on an 8600 km baseline: Demonstrated with the APEX and IRAM 30 m telescopes
• Analytical approach for calculating shadow of dynamical black hole
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• Properties of generalized Schwarzschild spacetimes with extra dimensions
• (In)equivalence of Metric-Affine and Metric Effective Field Theories
• Investigating the effects of gravitational lensing by Hu-Sawicki $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R})$ gravity black holes
• Sagittarius A* near-infrared flares polarization as a probe of space-time I: Non-rotating exotic compact objects
• Images of black holes viewed by distant observer
• Multiobjective optimization for scattering mitigation and scattering screen reconstruction in VLBI observations of the Galactic Center
• Quasinormal spectra of a wormhole family: overtone features and a parameter-controlled redshift
• Imagination and Understanding through Astrophysical Imagery
• Generic effective sources for first-order in mass-ratio gravitational self-force calculations in Schwarzschild spacetime
• Gravitational wave memory in wormhole spacetimes
• Spin and flavor oscillations of neutrinos in gravitational fields
• A Falsifiable Alternative to General Relativity
• The influence of cosmological constant on light deflection in rotating spacetimes via the generalized Gibbons-Werner method
• Parameter Inference of Black Hole Images using Deep Learning in Visibility Space
• Superradiant scattering of massive scalar field due to magnetically charged rotating black hole
• Orbit design for mitigating interstellar scattering effects in Earth-space VLBI observations of Sgr A*
• Einstein-Yang-Mills Regular Black Holes in Rainbow Gravity
• Linear perturbations of dyonic black holes in the lowest-order $U(1)$ gauge-invariant scalar-vector-tensor theories
• Shadows of generalised Hayward spacetimes : in vacuum and with plasma
• Field Sources for Generalized Ellis-Bronnikov Wormhole
• HOLESOM: Constraining the Properties of Slowly-Accreting Massive Black Holes with Self-Organizing Maps
• Test particle motion around a black hole dressed with a spherically symmetric stationary fluid
• Beyond Sgr A* and M87*: Sub-Microarcsecond Black Hole Shadow Detection via Lunar-based Extremely Long Baseline Interferometry
• Constructing a gravitational wave analysis pipeline for extremely large mass ratio inspirals
• Polarization Signatures of Inspiraling Hotspots around Kerr Black Holes
• Shadows of Giants: Constraints on Stupendously Large Black Holes from Negative Sources against the Cosmic Microwave Background
• FPIC: a new Particle-In-Cell code for stationary and axisymmetric black-hole spacetimes
• Signatures of the Israel Junction II: Double Photon Rings in Slowly Rotating Kerr Spacetime with Thin Shell
• Universality of the Blandford-Znajek emission in stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes
• Probing Quasar Viewing Angle with the Variability Structure Function
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• Bounds on the photon sphere radius for spherically symmetric black holes in n-dimensional Einstein gravity
• Constraints on horizonless objects after the EHT observation of Sagittarius A*
• Evolution of Quasi-Periodic Eruptions in the post-TDE Accretion Disk Perturbed by an Orbiting Star
• Shaving off soft hairs and the black hole image memory effect
• Strong deflection of massive particles via the geodesic deviation equation
• A rotating GUP black hole: metric, shadow, and bounds on quantum parameters
• Two shadows of a single black hole: Vacuum birefringence phenomena within Einstein-nonlinear-electrodynamics
• Rotating black hole shadows in metric-affine bumblebee gravity
• Gravitational Deflection of Vector Photons via Effective Field Theory
• Optical appearance of regularized compact objects without an exterior photon sphere
• Multi-ring images of thin accretion disk of a regular naked compact object
• Observational distinguishability of the Kerr and Kerr-Hayward metrics to EHT
• Multimessenger Signatures of Tilted, Self-Gravitating, Black Hole Disks
• Probing Lorentz-violating effects via precession and accretion disk images in a rotating bumblebee spacetime