First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (lambda/D) is ~25 micro-as, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit/s, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.

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• The Intrinsic Shape of Sagittarius A* at 3.5-mm Wavelength
• Quantifying Intrinsic Variability of Sagittarius A* using Closure Phase Measurements of the Event Horizon Telescope
• Variability in GRMHD simulations of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$: Implications for EHT closure phase observations
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• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
• Horizon-scale tests of gravity theories and fundamental physics from the Event Horizon Telescope image of Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon
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• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
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• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III: Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multi-wavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
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• Can the EHT M87 results be used to test general relativity?
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• No-Hair Theorem in the Wake of Event Horizon Telescope
• Sgr A* near-infrared flares from reconnection events in a magnetically arrested disc
• Image of the Janis-Newman-Winicour naked singularity with a thin accretion disk
• Photon Spheres and Spherical Accretion Image of a Hairy Black Hole
• Millimeter light curves of Sagittarius A* observed during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope campaign
• Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
• Polarimetric properties of Event Horizon Telescope targets from ALMA
• The shadows and observational appearance of a noncommutative black hole surrounded by various profiles of accretions
• Quasiperiodic Oscillations, Quasinormal Modes and Shadows of Bardeen-Kiselev Black Holes
• Evaluation of New Submillimeter VLBI Sites for the Event Horizon Telescope
• Gravitational lensing in a black-bounce traversable wormhole spacetime
• Images and photon ring signatures of thick disks around black holes
• Photon rings of spherically symmetric black holes and robust tests of non-Kerr metrics
• Orbital motion near Sagittarius A* -- Constraints from polarimetric ALMA observations
• Shadow and deflection angle of charged rotating black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter
• Beyond Limber: Efficient computation of angular power spectra for galaxy clustering and weak lensing
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• Testing Generalized Einstein-Cartan-Kibble-Sciama Gravity using Weak Deflection Angle and Shadow Cast
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• A Characterization of the ALMA Phasing System at 345 GHz
• The Axial Gravitational Ringing of a Spherically Symmetric Black Hole Surrounded by Dark Matter Spike
• Polarization Whorls from M87* at the Event Horizon Telescope
• Mass parameter and the bounds on redshifts and blueshifts of photons emitted from geodesic particle orbiting in the vicinity of regular black holes
• On new regular charged black hole solutions: Limiting Curvature Condition, Quasinormal modes and Shadows
• Gravitoelectromagnetic coupled perturbations and quasinormal modes of a charged black hole with scalar hair
• Invariants in Co-polar Interferometry: an Abelian Gauge Theory
• Observability of the innermost stable circular orbit in a near-extremal Kerr black hole
• Geodesics, accretion disk, gravitational lensing, time delay, and effects on neutrinos induced by a non-commutative black hole
• 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity: Massless particles and absorption of planar spin-0 waves
• Equatorial periodic orbits and gravitational waveforms in a black hole free of Cauchy horizon
• Shadows and accretion disk images of charged rotating black hole in modified gravity theory
• Non-scattering Metasurface-bound Cavities for Field Localization, Enhancement, and Suppression
• Quantum-Assisted Optical Interferometers: Instrument Requirements
• Observational Appearance of a Freely-falling Star in an Asymmetric Thin-shell Wormhole
• Spherical Accretion Flow onto General Parameterized Spherically Symmetric Black Hole Spacetimes
• MeqSilhouette v2: Spectrally-resolved polarimetric synthetic data generation for the Event Horizon Telescope
• Shadows and rings of a de Sitter-Schwarzschild black hole
• Shadow thermodynamics of the Hayward-AdS black hole
• Antisymmetric tensor influence on charged black hole lensing phenomena and time delay
• New test on the Einstein equivalence principle through the photon ring of black holes
• Probing Plasma Physics with Spectral Index Maps of Accreting Black Holes on Event Horizon Scales
• Scale-dependent slowly rotating black holes with flat horizon structure
• Geodesic analysis and black hole shadows on a general non--extremal rotating black hole in five--dimensional gauged supergravity
• Non-commutativity in Hayward spacetime
• VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
• Horizon entanglement area law from regular black hole thermodynamics
• Test the Weak Cosmic Censorship Conjecture in Torus-Like Black Hole under Charged Scalar Field
• Photon Emission Near Myers-Perry Black Holes in the Large Dimension Limit
• Thermodynamics for regular black holes as intermediate thermodynamic states and quasinormal frequencies
• Shadow Thermodynamics of AdS Black Hole with the Nonlinear Electrodynamics Term
• Genuine tripartite entanglement of W state subject to Hawking effect of a Schwarzschild black hole
• Measuring the Ellipticity of M 87* Images
• Comparing thin accretion disk properties of naked singularities and black holes
• Transforming singular black holes into regular black holes sourced by nonlinear electrodynamics
• Shadow behavior of an EMSG charged black hole
• Orbital configurations of spaceborne interferometers for studying photon rings of supermassive black holes
• Strong gravitational lens image of the M87 black hole with a simple accreting matter model
• Null hypersurface caustics for high dimensional superentropic black holes
• Distinguishing black holes with and without spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theories via optical features
• Influence of plasma on the optical appearance of spinning black hole in Kalb-Ramond gravity and its Existence around M87* and Sgr A*
• Constraining modified gravity theories with scalar fields using black-hole images
• A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope
• Dissecting axion and dark photon with a network of vector sensors
• Determination of the spin parameter and the inclination angle by the relativistic images in black hole image
• Bayesian Black Hole Photogrammetry
• A Review of Contemporary Atomic Frequency Standards
• Optical appearance of numerical black hole solutions in higher derivative gravity
• Detection of pulses from the Vela pulsar at millimeter wavelengths with phased ALMA
• RAIKOU: A General Relativistic, Multi-wavelength Radiative Transfer Code
• The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: History, Philosophy, and Culture
• Principal-Component Interferometric Modeling (PRIMO), an Algorithm for EHT Data I: Reconstructing Images from Simulated EHT Observations
• Quasi-harmonic oscillations of charged particles in static axially symmetric space-times immersed in a uniform magnetic field
• Iterative solutions for the gravitational lens equation in the strong deflection limit
• Influence of dark matter equation of state on the axial gravitational ringing of supermassive black holes
• Novel regular black holes: geometry, source and shadow
• Polarimetric Geometric Modeling for mm-VLBI Observations of Black Holes
• Thermodynamics of Black Holes with Rényi Entropy from Classical Gravity
• Deciphering signatures of Bardeen black holes from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations
• Spins of supermassive black holes M87* and SgrA* revealed from the size of dark spots in Event Horizon Telescope Images
• Geodetic precession and shadow of quantum extended black holes
• Toward a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes--II: Kinematics and Application to the M87 Jet
• The ringing of quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole with GUP
• Charged cosmological black holes: a thorough study of a family of solutions
• The ring-shaped shadow of rotating naked singularity with a complete photon sphere
• Nonseparability of multipartite systems in dilaton black hole
• Shadows and parameter estimation of rotating quantum corrected black holes and constraints from EHT observation of M87* and Sgr A*
• Exploring the shear viscosity in four-dimensional planar black holes beyond General Relativity
• Shadows aspect of rotating black holes in the Einstein-AdS SU(N)-nonlinear sigma model
• Detection of Cosmic Structures using the Bispectrum Phase. I. Mathematical Foundations
• Thermodynamic geometry of static and rotating regular black holes in conformal massive gravity
• Accretion flows around exotic tidal wormholes I. Ray-tracing
• Impacts of nonthermal emission on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Galactic black hole immersed in a dark halo with its surrounding thin accretion disk
• Reconciling EHT and Gas Dynamics Measurements in M87: Is the Jet Misaligned at Parsec Scales?
• Four $\mathbb{STU}$ Black Holes Shadows
• Emissions of photons near the horizons of Kerr-Sen black holes
• Gravitational wave cosmology I: high frequency approximation
• Constraining VLBI-optical offsets in high redshift galaxies using strong gravitational lensing
• Multi-wavelength temporal variability of the blazar PKS 1510-089
• Dissipative quintessence, and its cosmological implications
• Propagation and Fluxes of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays in f(R) Gravity Theory
• Extreme lensing induces spectro-temporal correlations in black-hole signals
• Limiting effects in clusters of misaligned toroids orbiting static SMBHs
• Effect of quintessence dark energy on the shadow of Hayward black holes with spherical accretion
• On the causality properties in non-local gravity theories
• Free-falling test particles in a charged Kalb-Ramond black hole: gravitational Doppler effect and tidal forces
• Optical Appearance and Shadow of Kalb-Ramond Black Hole: Effects of Plasma and Accretion Models
• Compact objects in quadratic Palatini gravity generated by a free scalar field
• Multi-Frequency Models of Black Hole Photon Rings from Low-Luminosity Accretion Disks
• Bounds on the Horndeski Gauge-Gravity Coupling
• Black holes immersed in polytropic scalar field gas
• Constraining deviations from spherical symmetry using $\gamma$-metric
• The putative center in NGC 1052
• Observable Signatures of RN Black Holes with Dark Matter Halos via Strong Gravitational Lensing and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Event-horizon-scale Imaging of M87* under Different Assumptions via Deep Generative Image Priors
• An Effective Model for the Quantum Schwarzschild Black Hole: Weak Deflection Angle, Quasinormal Modes and Bounding of Greybody Factor
• Interferometric signature of higher-order images in a parametrized framework
• Black hole shadow and Wandering null geodesics
• Black Hole Shadow Observations with Space-Ground Interferometers
• Tidal effects in the motion of gas clouds around boson stars
• Gravitational lens on de-Sitter background
• Quasi-local studies of the particle surfaces and their stability in general spacetimes
• Nonminimal global monopole
• Interferometry of black holes with Hawking radiation
• Motion of test particle in rotating boson star
• High spin expansion for null geodesics
• Transition from inspiral to plunge for braneworld EMRI
• Accretion flow in deformed Kerr spacetime: Spectral energy distributions from free-free emission
• Graviton mass due to dark energy as a superconducting medium: theoretical and phenomenological aspects
• Method of distinguishing between black holes and wormholes
• Matter density distribution of general relativistic highly magnetized jets driven by black holes
• First polarization study of the M87 jet and active galactic nuclei at submillimeter wavelengths with ALMA
• FANTASY: User-Friendly Symplectic Geodesic Integrator for Arbitrary Metrics with Automatic Differentiation
• Photon ring polarimetry with next-generation black hole imaging I. M87*
• An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
• Shadow Cast by the Kerr MOG Black Hole under the Influence of Plasma and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Electromagnetic absorption, emission and scattering spectra of black holes with tidal charge
• The Effects of Tilt on the Time Variability of Millimeter and Infrared Emission from Sagittarius A*
• Gravitational lens on a static optical constant-curvature background: Its application to Weyl gravity model
• Strong gravitational lensing of rotating regular black holes in non-minimally coupled Einstein-Yang-Mills theory
• The Haystack Telescope as an Astronomical Instrument
• Optical appearance of the Schwarzschild black hole in the string cloud context
• Remarks on the light ring images and the optical appearance of hairy black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity
• Gravitational Lensing in the Charged NUT-de Sitter Spacetime
• A regular metric does not ensure the regularity of spacetime
• Imaging the event horizon of M87* from space on different timescales
• Modified Kerr black holes surrounded by dark matter spike
• Expanding Sgr A* dynamical imaging capabilities with an African extension to the Event Horizon Telescope
• Extended Geometric Trinity of Gravity
• Nondivergent deflection of light around a photon sphere of a compact object
• Black Holes in Lorentz-Violating Gravity: Thermodynamics, Geometry, and Particle Dynamics
• Radio-astronomical Image Reconstruction with Conditional Denoising Diffusion Model
• Anisotropies of Diffusive Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays in $f(R)$ Gravity Theory
• Shadows and photon spheres in static and rotating traversable wormholes
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope II. The Zingularity framework for Bayesian artificial neural networks
• Topological Data Analysis of Black Hole Images
• On optical appearance of Einstein-Maxwell-Æther black holes surrounded by various accretions
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Effect of matter geometry on low angular momentum black hole accretion in the Kerr metric
• Image of Quantum Improved Regular Kerr Black Hole and Parameter Constraints from EHT Observations
• SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline
• Probing Accretion Turbulence in the Galactic Center with EHT Polarimetry
• Climbing out of the shadows: building the distance ladder with black hole images
• Probing $H_0$ and resolving AGN disks with ultrafast photon counters
• Determining parameters of a spherical black hole with a thin accretion disk by observing its shadow
• Semi-analytic studies of accretion disk and magnetic field geometry in M87*
• The Shadow of Supertranslated Schwarzschild Black Hole
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope I. Calibration improvements and a comprehensive synthetic data library
• Fate of initially bound timelike geodesics in spherical boson stars
• Strong-field gravitational lensing by black holes
• Gravitational analog of the canonical acoustic black hole in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theory
• Correspondence between two gravitational lens equations in a static and spherically symmetric spacetime
• Effect of quantum deformed black hole on BH shadow in two-dimensional Dilaton gravity
• Kerr--Newman Memory Effect
• Traversable wormholes with multiple unstable critical curves
• Strong gravitational lensing by black hole in F(R) Euler Heisenberg Gravity's Rainbow
• Gödel-type Solutions in Cubic Galileon Gravity
• The Effects of Resolution on Black Hole Accretion Simulations of Jets
• Did the Event Horizon Telescope Detect the Base of the Sub-Milliarsecond Tubular Jet in M\,87?
• Prospects for the characterization of the VHE emission from the Crab Nebula and Pulsar with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• A probabilistic approach to phase calibration: I. Effects of source structure on fringe-fitting
• Modelling the Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ and M87${}^{\ast }$ shadows by using the Kerr-Taub-NUT metrics in the presence of a scalar field
• Fractal signatures of non-Kerr spacetimes in the shadow of light-ring bifurcations
• The Black Hole Explorer: Operating a Hybrid Observatory
• The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission
• Interferometric Image Reconstruction using Closure Invariants and Machine Learning
• Shadow and thin accretion disk around Ayón-Beato-García black hole coupled with cloud of strings
• Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*
• Shadows and Observational Images of a Schwarzschild-like Black Hole Surrounded by a Dehnen-type Dark Matter Halo
• Strong Lensing Effect and Quasinormal Modes of Oscillations of Black Holes in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R},\mathbf{T})$ Gravity Theory
• Tackling the Problem of Distributional Shifts: Correcting Misspecified, High-Dimensional Data-Driven Priors for Inverse Problems
• Magnetic Suppression of Cosmic Rays' Flux in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R})$ and $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{Q})$ Theories of Gravity
• Shadow of Kerr black hole surrounded by a cloud of strings in Rastall gravity and constraints from M87*
• Shadows of a generic class of spherically symmetric, static spacetimes
• Quantumness near the Schwarzschild black hole based on W-state
• Signatures of regular black holes from the quasar continuum spectrum
• Dynamics of scalar hair with self-interactions around a Schwarzchild black hole
• The surface geometry and shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with halo
• Not all spacetime coordinates for general-relativistic ray tracing are created equal
• Shadowless rapidly rotating yet not ultraspinning Kerr-AdS${}_4$ and Kerr-Newman-AdS${}_4$ black holes
• A proof-of-concept neural network for inferring parameters of a black hole from partial interferometric images of its shadow
• Impact of the nonthermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A*
• Scalar absorption cross section of rotating black holes with tidal charge
• Interferometric Closure Phase Uncertainties in the Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Regime
• Efficient gravitational lens optical scalars calculation of black holes with angular momentum
• Overlapping of photon rings in black hole imaging
• Constraining cosmic-ray acceleration in the magnetospheric gaps of Sgr A*
• A full waveform model for arbitrarily axis-symmetric black hole mergers
• Probing Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar Black hole via Thin Accretion Disks and Shadows with EHT Observations of M87* and Sgr A*
• Superradiance scattering of scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational fields and thin accretion disk around non-commutating Kerr black hole
• Quasinormal Modes and Shadows of Black Holes in Infinite Derivative Theory of Gravity
• Spontaneous Vectorization in the Einstein-Maxwell-Vector Model
• Determining parameters of Kerr black holes at finite distance by shadow observation
• Is it possible to distinguish between different black hole solutions using the Shapiro time delay?
• Kiselev-inspired Wormholes
• Prospects for Wideband VLBI Correlation in the Cloud
• Accretion Process as a Probe of Extra Dimensions in MOG Compact Object Spacetimes
• Exploring Faraday rotation signatures and population bounds for primordial magnetic black holes
• Regular black hole solutions in $(2+1)$-dimensional $f(R,T)$ gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics
• Non-thermal Synchrotron Emission and Polarization Signatures during Black Hole Flux Eruptions
• On static and rotating decoupled black holes without inner horizons
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Shadow of axisymmetric, stationary and asymptotically flat black holes in the presence of plasma
• Constraining eV-scale axion-like particle dark matter: insights from the M87 Galaxy
• Relativistic and non-Gaussianity contributions to the one-loop power spectrum
• Probing Fundamental Physics with Gravitational Waves
• Shadow of F(R)-EH Black Hole and Constraints from EHT Observations
• Shadow of quadrupole-deformed compact objects in a local dark matter shell
• Astro2020 White Paper State of the Profession: Intensity Interferometry
• On the Possibility of Direct Detection of the Emission of Microlens MOA-2011-BLG-191/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 -- a Probable Black Hole
• Entanglement Assisted Non-local Optical Interferometry in a Quantum Network
• Millimeter-wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope
• Strong gravitational lensing of a five-dimensional charged, equally rotating black hole with a cosmological constant
• Effect of Earth's Oblateness on Black Hole Imaging Through Earth-Space and Space-Space VLBI
• Shadow and near-horizon characteristics of the acoustic charged black hole in curved spacetime
• Axisymmetric black hole in a non-commutative gauge theory: classical and quantum gravity effects
• Limiting the Yukawa Gravity through the Black Hole Shadows of Sgr A* and M87*
• Gravitational Lensing in the Kerr Spacetime: An Analytic Approach for Light and High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• Determining parameters of Kerr-Newman black holes by shadow observation from finite distance and spatial infinity
• rPICARD: A CASA-based Calibration Pipeline for VLBI Data. Calibration and imaging of 7 mm VLBA observations of the AGN jet in M87
• Screen chaotic motion by Shannon entropy in curved spacetimes
• Gravitational wave pulse and memory effects for hairy Kiselev black hole and its analogy with Bondi-Sachs formalism
• Characterization of black hole accretion through image moment invariants
• A Red-Noise Eigenbasis for the Reconstruction of Blobby Images
• Noncommutative information is revealed from the static detector outside the black hole
• $COD:$ An Algorithm for Shape Reconstruction of Transiting Celestial Bodies through Topological Optimization
• Charge constraint on M87* with twisted light
• Microlensing Black Hole Shadows
• Explaining the Origin of TeV Gamma Rays from M87 During High and Low States
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Conic Sections on the Sky: Shadows of Linearly Superrotated Black Holes
• Sirius: A Prototype Astronomical Intensity Interferometer Using Avalanche Photodiodes in Linear Mode
• Achromatic, spin-odd Kerr EVPA as a null Frenet-Serret torsion integral on the photon ring
• Shielded cantilever with on-chip interferometer circuit for THz scanning probe impedance microscopy
• Thin accretion disk around Schwarzschild-like black hole in bumblebee gravity
• Assessing the Role of Intrinsic Variability in Black Hole Parameter Inference using Multi-Epoch EHT Data
• Deciphering signatures of Kerr-Sen black holes in presence of plasma from the Event Horizon Telescope data
• Shadow constraints of charged black hole with scalar hair and gravitational waves from extreme mass ratio inspirals
• Perturbations of Einstein--Maxwell--phantom spacetime: Instabilities of charged Ellis--Bronnikov wormholes and quasinormal modes of black holes
• Exploring black holes with multiple photon spheres by interferometric signatures
• Shadows cast by a class of rotating black bounces with an anisotropic fluid
• Shadows of naked singularities and superspinars related to the revisited Kerr-de Sitter spacetimes
• General relativistic radiation transport: Implications for VLBI/EHT observations of AGN discs, winds and jets
• Shaving off soft hairs and the black hole image memory effect
• Beyond Sgr A* and M87*: Sub-Microarcsecond Black Hole Shadow Detection via Lunar-based Extremely Long Baseline Interferometry
• The science case and challenges of space-borne sub-millimeter interferometry
• Photon Ring Dimming as a Signature of Photon-Axion Conversion in Janis-Newman-Winicour Naked Singularity
• Implementing Remote Observing at the JCMT
• Pure Gauss-Bonnet NUT Black Hole Solution: II
• A revised view of the linear polarization in the subparsec core of M87 at 7 mm
• Bardeen-Kiselev black hole with cosmological constant
• PATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
• Thin accretion disks around a Schwarzschild acoustic black hole
• What are the parities of photon-ring images near a black hole?
• Photon Ring Symmetries in Simulated Linear Polarization Images of Messier 87*
• First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Fringe Detection at 690GHz
• Spatially resolved spectral properties of M87* on event horizon scales
• Modelling Cosmic Rays Flux with Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Data in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R})$ and $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{Q})$ Theories of Gravity
• The Dyson Minds 2025 Workshop: SETI around Black Holes
• Shared-optical-path VLBI frequency phase transfer from 86 to 258 GHz on an 8600 km baseline: Demonstrated with the APEX and IRAM 30 m telescopes
• Multiobjective optimization for scattering mitigation and scattering screen reconstruction in VLBI observations of the Galactic Center
• Optical appearance of regularized compact objects without an exterior photon sphere
• Gravitational Deflection of Vector Photons via Effective Field Theory
• Visible shapes of black holes M87* and SgrA*
• Quasar continuum spectrum disfavors black holes with a magnetic monopole charge
• The eye of the storm: A regular Kerr black hole
• Ultra-high energy cosmic rays with UFA-15 source model in Bumblebee gravity theory
• Scattering by deformed black holes
• Typical reconstruction limit and phase transition of maximum entropy method
• Remarks on the black hole shadows in Kerr-de Sitter space times
• Images of the accretion disk in Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity
• Probing the innermost regions of AGN jets and their magnetic fields with RadioAstron. V. Space and ground millimeter-VLBI imaging of OJ 287
• Gravitational wave memory in wormhole spacetimes
• Orbit design for mitigating interstellar scattering effects in Earth-space VLBI observations of Sgr A*
• High Resolution Imaging of a Black Hole Shadow with Millimetron Orbit around Lagrange Point L2
• Decoding a black hole metric from the interferometric pattern of the relativistic images of a compact source
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• The Nature of Black Hole Shadows
• Polish Doughnuts around Scalarized Kerr Black Holes
• Tests for the existence of horizon through gravitational waves from a small binary in the vicinity of a massive object
• Images of black holes viewed by distant observer
• P-stars in the gravitational wave era
• Parameter Inference of Black Hole Images using Deep Learning in Visibility Space
• How narrow is the M87* ring? I. The choice of closure likelihood function
• Optical and Thermodynamic Properties of a Rotating Dyonic Black Hole Spacetime in $\mathcal{N}=2,U(1{)}^2$ gauged supergravity
• Rotating black hole shadows in metric-affine bumblebee gravity
• Perturbative Renormalisation Group Improved Black Hole Solution and its Quasinormal Modes