Chandra X-ray Spectroscopic Imaging of Sgr A* and the Central Parsec of the Galaxy

Abstract

We present results of our Chandra observation with the ACIS-I instrument centered on the position of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the compact nonthermal radio source associated with the massive black hole (MBH) at the dynamical center of the Milky Way Galaxy. We have obtained the first high-spatial-resolution (~1 arcsec), hard X-ray (0.5-7 keV) image of the central 40 pc (17 arcmin) of the Galaxy and have discovered an X-ray source, CXOGC J174540.0-290027, coincident with the radio position of Sgr A* to within 0.35 arcsec, corresponding to a maximum projected distance of 16 light-days for an assumed distance to the center of the Galaxy of 8.0 kpc. We received 222 +/-17 (1 sigma) net counts from the source in 40.3 ks. Due to the low number of counts, the spectrum is well fit either by an absorbed power-law model with photon index Gamma = 2.7 (1.8-4.0) and column density NH = (9.8 [6.8-14.2]) x 10^22 cm^-2 (90% confidence interval) or by an absorbed optically thin thermal plasma model with kT = 1.9 (1.4-2.8) keV and NH = (11.5 [8.4-15.9]) x 10^22 cm^-2. Using the power-law model, the measured (absorbed) flux in the 2-10 keV band is (1.3 [1.1-1.7]) x 10^-13 ergs cm^-2 s^-1, and the absorption-corrected luminosity is (2.4 [1.8-5.4]) x 10^33 ergs s^-1. We also briefly discuss the complex structure of the X-ray emission from the Sgr A radio complex and along the Galactic plane and present morphological evidence that Sgr A* and Sgr A West lie within the hot plasma in the central cavity of Sgr A East.

33 pages, 10 figures (Figures 2-5 in color), LaTeX, emulateapj5.sty, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal, version with full-resolution figures available at http://space.mit.edu/~fkb/GC/

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• The Spectrum and Variability of Circular Polarization in Sagittarius A* from 1.4 to 15 GHz
• A Thermal Bremsstrahlung Model For the Quiescent X-ray Emission from Sagittarius A*
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• A Possible Detection of M31* with Chandra
• Gamma-rays from millisecond pulsar population within the central stellar cluster in the Galactic Center
• X-Ray Reflection Nebulae with Large Equivalent Widths of Neutral Iron Ka Line in the Sgr C Region
• Spectral properties of Three-dimensional Magneto-hydrodynamical Accretion Flows
• AGN Feeding and Feedback in M84: From Kiloparsec Scales to the Bondi Radius
• Galactic Center IRS13E: Colliding Stellar Winds or an Intermediate Mass Black Hole?
• Jet interactions with a giant molecular cloud in the Galactic centre and ejection of hypervelocity stars
• Using infrared/X-ray flare statistics to probe the emission regions near the event horizon of Sgr A*
• Origin of Radio Emission from Nearby Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• Prospects of 3D mapping of the Galactic Centre clouds with X-ray polarimetry
• Fast Spinning Pulsars as Probes of Massive Black Holes' Gravity
• Deep Chandra Monitoring Observations of NGC 4649: I. Catalog of Source Properties
• Direct Evidence from Spitzer for a low-luminosity AGN at the center of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 315
• Modelling Accretion Disk and Stellar Wind Interactions: the Case of Sgr A*
• Accretion of a Vlasov gas on to a black hole from a sphere of finite radius and the role of angular momentum
• The Effects of Gas Angular Momentum on the Formation of Magnetically Arrested Disks and the Launching of Powerful Jets
• Study of the X-ray activity of Sgr A* during the 2011 XMM-Newton campaign
• On the Origin of Cool Core Galaxy Clusters: Comparing X-Ray Observations with Numerical Simulations
• Near-infrared polarimetry as a tool for testing properties of accreting super-massive black holes
• Transition of BH feeding from the quiescent regime into star-forming cold disk regime
• A "coronal-mass-ejection'' model for flares in Sagittarius A*
• Polarization images of accretion flow around supermassive black holes: imprints of toroidal field structure
• Faint Hard X-ray Sources in the Galactic Center Region: Supernova Ejecta Fragments Population
• A Leptonic Model of Steady High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Sgr A${}^{\ast }$
• AGN Feedback in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
• Simultaneous Monitoring of X-ray and Radio Variability in Sagittarius A*
• X-ray Scattering Halos from the Galactic Center: Implications for Diffuse Emission Around SgrA*
• Far Infrared Variability of Sagittarius A*: 25.5 Hours of Monitoring with $Herschel$
• Accretion of Low Angular Momentum Material onto Black Holes: Radiation Properties of Axisymmetric MHD Flows
• Flares and variability from Sagittarius A*: five nights of simultaneous multi-wavelength observations
• General relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of perturbed transonic accretion
• Can Sgr A* flares reveal the molecular gas density PDF?
• XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic Centre Region - II: The soft thermal emission
• Radio Emission from Accreting Isolated Black Holes in Our Galaxy
• Examining molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre region using X-ray reflection spectra simulations
• Universal transition diagram from dormant to actively accreting supermassive black holes
• A past capture event at Sagittarius A* inferred from the fluorescent X-ray emission of Sagittarius B clouds
• Probing the X-Ray Binary Populations of the Ring Galaxy NGC 1291
• Near- and mid-infrared observations in the inner tenth of a parsec of the Galactic center -- Detection of proper motion of a filament very close to Sgr~A*
• Fermi bubble edges: spectrum and diffusion function
• Effect of an isotropic outflow from the Galactic centre on the bow-shock evolution along the orbit
• Tracing the Milky Way's Vestigial Nuclear Jet
• A Supernova-driven, Magnetically-collimated Outflow as the Origin of the Galactic Center Radio Bubbles
• Leptonic origin of the 100 MeV gamma-ray emission from the Galactic Centre
• Nonaxisymmetric Effects in the Black Hole Accretion Inviscid Hydrodynamics: Formation and Evolution of a Tilted Torus
• Bremsstrahlung in GRMHD models of accreting black holes
• Hot Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Disk
• No sign of G2's encounter affecting Sgr A*'s X-ray flaring rate from $Chandra$ observations
• Multi-wavelength Variability of Sagittarius A* in July 2019
• Simulating the effect of the Sgr A* accretion flow on the appearance of G2 after pericenter
• Constraining the accretion flow density profile near Sgr A* using the $L^{\prime }$-band emission of the S2 star
• A thin diffuse component of the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission and heating of the interstellar medium contributed by the radiation of Galactic X-ray binaries
• An Imaging and Spectral Study of Ten X-Ray Filaments around the Galactic Center
• Suzaku Observation Adjacent to the South End of the Radio Arc
• Accretion of Magnetized Stellar Winds in the Galactic Centre: Implications for Sgr A* and PSR J1745-2900
• ALMA and VLA observations of emission from the environment of Sgr A*
• Capture of a Red Giant by the Black Hole Sagittarius A* as a Possible Origin for the TeV Gamma Rays from the Galactic Center
• Introduction to multi-messenger astronomy
• A Systematic Chandra study of Sgr A${}^{\star }$: II. X-ray flare statistics
• Dynamics of Hot Accretion Flow with Thermal Conduction
• Multi-wavelength detectability of isolated black holes in the Milky Way
• Constraints on the Galactic Centre environment from \textit{Gaia} hypervelocity stars III: Insights on a possible companion to Sgr A*
• Sgr A* and its Environment: Low Mass Star Formation, the Origin of X-ray Gas and Collimated Outflow
• The Chandra Dust Scattering Halo of Galactic Center transient Swift J174540.7-290015
• High-speed molecular cloudlets around the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• Observational evidence for AGNs feedback at parsec scale
• Discovery of X-ray flaring activity in the Arches cluster
• Soft gamma-ray constraints on a bright flare from the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• MC Simulations of the Broadband Spectra of Sagittarius A* through the use of GRMHD
• Nuclear Interaction Gamma-Ray Lines from the Galactic Center Region
• Constraining the number of compact remnants near Sgr A*
• Using close stars as probes of hot accretion flow in Sgr A*
• Comparison between RHD simulation of supercritical accretion flows and steady model with outflows
• Low angular momentum flow model II for Sgr A*
• Chandra-HETGS Characterization of an Outflowing Wind in the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17591-2342
• Are SMBHs shrouded by "super-Oort" clouds of comets and asteroids?
• The S2 star as a probe of the accretion disk of Sgr A*
• The Swansong of the Galactic Center Source X7: An Extreme Example of Tidal Evolution near the Supermassive Black Hole
• Spherically Symmetric Accretion Flows: Minimal Model with MHD Turbulence
• The Gamma-ray Afterglows of Tidal Disruption Events
• Synchrotron Blob Model of Infrared and X-ray Flares from Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$
• A two-component jet model for the tidal disruption event Swift J164449.3+573451
• The fate of supernova remnants near quiescent supermassive black holes
• Modeling Hot Gas Flow in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC3115
• Detection of a dense group of hyper-compact radio sources in the central parsec of the Galaxy
• Viscous and resistive accretion flows with radially self-similar and outflows
• Fermi bubbles: high latitude X-ray supersonic shell
• Constraining Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows with Polarization
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• No Microwave Flare of Sagittarius A* around the G2 Periastron Passing
• Whispering in the dark: Faint X-ray emission from black holes with OB star companions
• An energetic high-velocity compact cloud: CO$-$0.31+0.11
• The Chandra High Resolution X-ray Spectrum of Quiescent Emission from Sgr A*
• Upper Limit on Brackett-gamma Emission from the Immediate Accretion Flow onto the Galactic Black Hole
• Evolution of Supernova Remnants near the Galactic Center
• Fermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
• Accretion models of Sgr A*
• X-ray spectra of Sgr A East and diffuse X-ray background near the Galactic center
• Magnetic field structure in the vicinity of a super-massive black hole in low luminosity galaxies: the case of Sgr A*
• Three New Galactic Center X-ray Sources Identified with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• An XMM-Newton search for X-ray sources in the Fornax dwarf galaxy
• New Constraints on Cosmic Particle Populations at the Galactic Center using X-ray Observations of the Molecular Cloud Sagittarius B2
• Constraining the Stellar Mass Function in the Galactic Center via Mass Loss from Stellar Collisions
• Radiative interaction between the relativistic jet and optically thick envelope in tidal disruption events
• Two-component off-axis jet model for radio flares of tidal disruption events
• Towards a More Complex Understanding of Natal Super Star Clusters with Multiwavelength Observations
• Coordinated multi-wavelength observations of Sgr A*
• Chandra Discovery of an Intermediate Polar in Baade's Window
• Sgr B2 hard X-ray emission with INTEGRAL after 2009: still detectable?
• Three-dimensional Radiative Properties of Hot Accretion Flows onto the Galactic Centre Black Hole
• Chandra Imaging of the Outer Accretion Flow onto the Black Hole at the Center of the Perseus Cluster
• X-rays from cusps of compact remnants near galactic centres
• Winds and feedback from supermassive black holes accreting at low rates: Hydrodynamical treatment
• A Generalised Bondi Accretion Model for the Galactic Centre
• Chandra Observations of Abell 2261 Brightest Cluster Galaxy, a Candidate Host to a Recoiling Black Hole
• Modelling the time dependence of the TeV Gamma-ray source at the Galactic Centre
• X3: a high-mass Young Stellar Object close to the supermassive black hole Sgr~A*
• Thermally Driven Winds from Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows
• Jets from SANE Super-Eddington Accretion Disks: Morphology, Spectra, and Their Potential as Targets for ngEHT
• Stellar winds near massive black holes: The case of the S-stars
• Confronting the jet model of Sgr A* with the Faraday rotation measure observations
• Covariant formulation of spatially non-symmetric kinetic equilibria in magnetized astrophysical plasmas
• Spherical Accretion in Nearby Weakly Active Galaxies
• Observational Signatures of Mass-Loading in Jets Launched by Rotating Black Holes
• Mid-Infrared studies of dusty sources in the Galactic Center
• Spherical accretion: the influence of inner boundary and quasi-periodic oscillations
• The formation and stability of a cold disc made out of stellar winds in the Galactic Centre
• 25 years of XMM-Newton observations of the Sgr A complex: 3D distribution and internal structure of the clouds
• Ultraviolet and X-ray Properties of Coma's Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies
• The X-ray footprint of the CircumNuclear Disk
• Young stars in the Galactic Centre: a potential intermediate-mass star origin
• Near-infrared counterparts of Chandra X-ray sources toward the Galactic Center
• Correlation between Flux and Spectral Index during Flares in Sagittarius A*
• Detection of pulsar beams deflected by the black hole in Sgr A*: effects of black hole spin
• Nonthermal filaments from the tidal destruction of clouds in the Galactic center
• Theory of disk accretion onto supermassive black holes
• Chandra X-ray Measurement of Gas-phase Heavy Element Abundances in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy
• Flare emission from Sagittarius A*
• Signatures of an Encounter Between the G2 Cloud and a Jet from Sgr A*
• Fast as Potoroo: Radio Continuum Detection of a Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebula Powered by Pulsar J1638-4713
• Shadows of Kerr-Vaidya-like black holes
• Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
• Adaptive Optics: Observations and Prospects for Studies of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A jet-dominated model for a broad-band spectral energy distribution of the nearby low-luminosity active galactic nucleus in M94
• Close stars and accretion in Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• What Kinds of Accretion Disks Are There in the Nuclei of Radio Galaxies?
• X-ray observations of the hot phase in Sgr~A*
• Structure of ADAFs in a general large-Scale B-field: The role of wind and thermal conduction
• High-(Energy)-Lights -- The Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Sky
• Self-similar solutions of viscous and resistive ADAFs with thermal conduction
• New Evidence for a Flux-independent Spectral Index of Sgr A* in the Near-infrared
• On the efficiency of the Blandford-Znajek mechanism for low angular momentum relativistic accretion
• Low angular momentum flow model of Sgr A* activity
• A Multi-Frequency Study of the Milky Way-like Spiral Galaxy NGC 6744
• Bondi on spherically symmetric accretion
• Radio Synchrotron Emission from Secondary Leptons in the Vicinity of Sgr A*
• Photons from Dark Matter in a (non-Universal) Extra Dimension model
• Probing the formation of planetesimals in the Galactic Centre using Sgr A* flares
• Sgr A* as probe of the theory of supermassive compact objects without event horizon
• The Fates of Merging Supermassive Black Holes and a Proposal for a New Class of X-Ray Sources
• Red giant - jet collisions in galactic nuclei I: 3D hydrodynamical model of a few stellar orbits
• Simulating the pericentre passage of the Galactic centre star S2
• The contribution of young core-collapse supernova remnants to the X-ray emission near quiescent supermassive black holes
• A cool disk in the Galactic Center?
• Turbulent Pressure Heats Gas and Suppresses Star Formation in Galactic Bar Molecular Clouds
• Dynamical and thermal properties of the parsec-scale gases spherically accreted onto low luminous active galactic nuclei
• Not gone with the Wind: Survival of High-Velocity Molecular Clouds in the Galactic center
• X-ray Filament with a Strong 6.7 keV Line in the Galactic Center Region
• MOLsphere and pulsations of the Galactic Center's red supergiant GCIRS 7 from VLTI/GRAVITY
• The Seyfert-LINER Galaxy NGC 7213: An XMM-Newton Observation
• A possible influence on standard model of quasars and active galactic nuclei in strong magnetic field
• Hydrodynamical wind on magnetized Accretion Flows with Convection
• Dark matter heating of gas accreting onto Sgr A${}^{\ast }$
• Low-cost Monitoring of Energetic Particle Precipitation: Weather Balloon-borne Timepix Measurements During the May 2024 Superstorm
• X-rays from a Central "Exhaust Vent" of the Galactic Center Chimney
• High Energy Activity of the Super-Massive Black Hole at the Galactic Center
• Statistical Analysis of Point-like Sources in Chandra Galactic Center Survey
• Synthetic gravitational lens image of the Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$ black hole with a thin disk model
• Iron K-alpha echoes from the circumnuclear disk orbiting Sgr A*
• The Case for Hot-Mode Accretion in Abell 2029
• Scale-invariance of black hole accretion: modeling emission from a black hole X-ray binary with relativistic accretion flow simulations
• The Galactic Center Black Hole Laboratory
• The Collisionless Magnetoviscous-Thermal Instability
• Gas Inflow and Star Formation near Supermassive Black Holes: The Role of Nuclear Activity
• Detection Prospects of Electromagnetic Signatures from OGLE-2011-BLG-0462
• Discovery of a Dense Association of Stars in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole Sgr A*
• The very faint X-ray transient Swift J174610-290018 at the Galactic center
• The X-ray variation of M81* resolved by Chandra and NuSTAR
• Flares from Galactic centre pulsars: a new class of X-ray transients?
• Polarimetric Imaging of Sgr A* in its Flaring State
• SgrA* emission at 7mm: variability and periodicity
• The gas streamer G1-2-3 in the Galactic Center
• Molecules in the Circumnuclear Disk of the Galactic Center
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• The 3 Ms Chandra Campaign on Sgr A*: A Census of X-ray Flaring Activity from the Galactic Center
• Cosmological evolution of gas and supermassive black holes in idealized isolated halos
• Chandra Observations of Galactic Center: High Energy Processes at Arcsecond Resolution
• Radio Emission from Sgr A*: Pulsar Transits Through the Accretion Disc
• What powers the radio emission in TDE AT2019dsg: a long-lived jet or the disruption itself?
• The Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way's Black Hole
• Fermi-bubble bulk and edge analysis reveals dust, cooling breaks, and cosmic-ray diffusion, facilitating a self-consistent model
• M31 nucleus: molecular and ionised gas content upper limits
• Sgr A East and its surroundings observed in X-rays
• General relativistic quasi-spherical accretion in a dark matter halo
• The reflection of two past outbursts of Sagittarius A* observed by Chandra during the last decade
• Simulations of the formation of a gaseous disc and young stars near Sgr A* via cloud-cloud collisions
• A new model of quasar mass evolution
• HOLESOM: Constraining the Properties of Slowly-Accreting Massive Black Holes with Self-Organizing Maps
• Radiative energy from a reconnection region around massive black hole
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
• Rapid multi-band space-based optical timing: revolutionizing accretion physics
• Generalized Bondi Accretion Flow with and without Outflow
• Detection of polarized Fermi-bubble synchrotron and dust emission
• Limits on the Inferred Hubble Constant Bias from a Local McVittie Gravitational Field
• A Mildly Relativistic Outflow Launched Two Years after Disruption in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2018hyz