High Proper Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sgr A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy

Abstract

Over a two year period (1995-1997), we have conducted a diffraction-limited imaging study at 2.2 microns of the inner 6"x6" of the Galaxy's central stellar cluster using the Keck 10-m telescope. The K band images obtained reveal a large population of faint stars. We use an unbiased approach for identifying and selecting stars to be included in this proper motion study, which results in a sample of 90 stars with brightness ranging from K=9-17 and velocities as large as 1,400+-100 km/sec. Compared to earlier work (Eckart et al. 1997; Genzel et al. 1997), the source confusion is reduced by a factor of 9, the number of stars with proper motion measurement in the central 25 arcsec^2 of our galaxy is doubled, and the accuracy of the velocity measurements in the central 1 arcsec^2 is improved by a factor of 4. The peaks of both the stellar surface density and the velocity dispersion are consistent with the position of the unusual radio source and blackhole candidate, Sgr A*, suggesting that Sgr A* is coincident (+-0."1) with the dynamical center of the Galaxy. As a function of distance from Sgr A*, the velocity dispersion displays a falloff well fit by Keplerian motion about a central dark mass of 2.6(+-0.2)x10^6 Mo confined to a volume of at most 10^-6 pc^3, consistent with earlier results. Although uncertainties in the measurements mathematically allow for the matter to be distributed over this volume as a cluster, no realistic cluster is physically tenable. Thus, independent of the presence of Sgr A*, the large inferred central density of at least 10^12 Mo/pc^3, which exceeds the volume-averaged mass densities found at the center of any other galaxy, leads us to the conclusion that our Galaxy harbors a massive central black hole.

19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publications in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (1)

• Dynamical Constraints On Alternatives To Massive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei

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• Testing black hole space-times with the S2 star orbit: a Bayesian comparison
• Radio Variability of the Sagittarius ${\mathrm{A}}^{\ast }$ due to an Orbiting Star
• Accelerations of stars in central 2-7 arcsec from Sgr A*
• Neutrino Clustering in the Galaxy with a Global Monopole
• Analytic Post-Newtonian Astrometric and Spectroscopic Models of Orbits around Black Holes
• Evolution of Stellar Orbits Around Merging Massive Black-Hole Binary
• The Galactic Center
• A Relativistic Disk in Sagittarius A*
• Instruments on large optical telescopes -- A case study
• Gamma-ray burst: probe of a black hole
• Primordial Black Hole Mergers as Probes of Dark Matter in Galactic Center
• The effects of the spin and quadrupole moment of SgrA* on the orbits of S stars
• Discovery of a Dense Association of Stars in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole Sgr A*
• Photon spheres near black holes in a model with anisotropic fluid
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• The Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Nuclear Star Cluster: Looking Below the Tip of the Iceberg and Comparisons with Extragalactic Nuclei
• Vacuum polarization effects in the background of a deformed compact object and implications for photon velocity
• Scattering on Quasi-Spherical Black-Holes: Features and Beyond
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• Merger of Black Holes in the Galactic Center
• Measurement of the central Galactic black hole by extremely large mass-ratio inspirals
• The Steady State of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Near a Supermassive Black Hole
• Flaring Activity of Sgr A*: Expanding Hot Blobs
• Supermassive black holes and their surroundings: MeV signatures
• The Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and massive black hole
• The dynamics of S-stars and G-sources orbiting a supermassive compact object made of fermionic dark matter
• Physically viable rotating mass solutions surrounding Kerr black hole
• Crossing the dark matter soliton core: a possible reversed orbital precession
• Near-horizon gravitational perturbations of rotating black holes
• The gas streamer G1-2-3 in the Galactic Center
• Luminosity of accretion disks in compact objects with quadrupole
• What does lie at the Milky Way centre? Insights from the S2 star orbit precession
• Hyperelliptic functions and motion in general relativity
• Photon Sphere for a Dilatonic Dyonic Black Hole in a Model with an Abelian Gauge Field and a Scalar Field
• The Gamma-ray Luminosity Function of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars
• The Dyson Minds 2025 Workshop: SETI around Black Holes
• Demonstration of Plate Analysis, an algorithm for precise relative astrometry
• Visible shapes of black holes M87* and SgrA*
• Kozai-driven mass loss of the circumbinary disk in D9 in orbit around the supermassive black hole Sgr A*