The dark mass signature in the orbit of S2

Abstract

Aims. We explore a strategy for how the Schwarzschild and mass precessions can be separated from each other despite their secular interference, by pinpointing their signatures within a single orbit. From these insights, we then seek to assess the prospects for improving the dark mass constraints in the coming years. Methods. We analysed the dependence of the osculating orbital elements and of the observables on true anomaly, and we compared these functions for models with and without extended mass. We then translated the maximum astrometric impacts within one orbit to detection thresholds given hypothetical data of different accuracies. These theoretical investigations were then supported and complemented by an extensive mock-data fitting analysis. Results. We have four main results. 1. While the mass precession almost exclusively impacts the orbit in the apocentre half, the Schwarzschild precession almost exclusively impacts it in the pericentre half, allowing for a clear separation of the effects. 2. Data that are limited to the pericentre half are not sensitive to a dark mass, while data limited to the apocentre half are, but only to a limited extent. 3. A full orbit of data is required to substantially constrain a dark mass. 4. For a full orbit of astrometric and spectroscopic data, the astrometric component in the pericentre half plays the stronger role in constraining the dark mass than the astrometric data in the apocentre half. Furthermore, we determine the 1σ dark mass detection thresholds given different datasets on one full orbit. In particular, with a full orbit of data of 50 microarcseconds (VLTI/GRAVITY) and 10 km/s (VLT/SINFONI) precision, the 1σ bound would improve to about 1000 solar masses, for example.

22 pages, 19 figures, 2 tables

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Cited by in corpus (27)

• The mass distribution in the Galactic Centre from interferometric astrometry of multiple stellar orbits
• Improving constraints on the extended mass distribution in the Galactic Center with stellar orbits
• Exploring dark matter spike distribution around the Galactic centre with stellar orbits
• Using the motion of S2 to constrain scalar clouds around SgrA*
• Unveiling the nature of SgrA* with the geodesic motion of S-stars
• Constraints on self-dual black hole in loop quantum gravity with S0-2 star in the Galactic Center
• Where intermediate-mass black holes could hide in the Galactic Centre: A full parameter study with the S2 orbit
• The Galactic Center as a laboratory for theories of gravity and dark matter
• Bounding the mass of ultralight bosonic Dark Matter particles with the motion of the S2 star around Sgr A*
• Constraining ultralight bosonic dark matter with Keck observations of S2's orbit and kinematics
• Periapsis shifts in dark matter distribution around a black hole
• Constraints on the Galactic Centre environment from \textit{Gaia} hypervelocity stars III: Insights on a possible companion to Sgr A*
• Multi-TeV dark matter density in the inner Milky Way halo: spectral and dynamical constraints
• General formulae for the periapsis shift of a quasi-circular orbit in static spherically symmetric spacetimes and the active gravitational mass density
• The Evaporating Massive Embedded Stellar Cluster IRS 13 Close to Sgr A*. II. Kinematic structure
• Constraining a disformal Schwarzschild black hole in DHOST theories with the orbit of the S2 star
• Candidate Young Stellar Objects in the S-cluster: The Kinematic Analysis of a Sub-population of the Low-mass G-objects close to Sgr A*
• Prospects for probing small-scale dark matter models with pulsars around Sagittarius A*
• Revisiting Stellar Orbits and the Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ Quadrupole Moment
• Dark Matter reconstruction from stellar orbits in the Galactic Centre
• Post-Newtonian orbital effects induced by the mass quadrupole and spin octupole moments of an axisymmetric body
• The effects of the spin and quadrupole moment of SgrA* on the orbits of S stars
• Analytic Post-Newtonian Astrometric and Spectroscopic Models of Orbits around Black Holes
• Crossing the dark matter soliton core: a possible reversed orbital precession
• Dark Matter spikes around Sgr A* in $\gamma$-rays
• PPN--spin degeneracies in mock S62-like stellar-orbit inference
• Fermionic Dark Matter spikes: origin and growth of Black Hole seeds