Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center

Abstract

In recent years, the evidence for the existence of an ultra-compact concentration of dark mass associated with the radio source Sgr A* in the Galactic Center has become very strong. However, an unambiguous proof that this object is indeed a black hole is still lacking. A defining characteristic of a black hole is the event horizon. To a distant observer, the event horizon casts a relatively large ``shadow'' with an apparent diameter of ~10 gravitational radii due to bending of light by the black hole, nearly independent of the black hole spin or orientation. The predicted size (~30 micro-arcseconds) of this shadow for Sgr A* approaches the resolution of current radio-interferometers. If the black hole is maximally spinning and viewed edge-on, then the shadow will be offset by ~8 micro-arcseconds from the center of mass, and will be slightly flattened on one side. Taking into account scatter-broadening of the image in the interstellar medium and the finite achievable telescope resolution, we show that the shadow of Sgr A* may be observable with very long-baseline interferometry at sub-millimeter wavelengths, assuming that the accretion flow is optically thin in this region of the spectrum. Hence, there exists a realistic expectation of imaging the event horizon of a black hole within the next few years.

5 pages, 1 figure (color), (AAS)Tex, to appear in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 528, L13 (Jan 1, 2000 issue); also available at http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/hfalcke/publications.html#bhimage

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• Iron line profiles and self-shadowing from relativistic thick accretion discs
• Constraining spherically symmetric metrics by the gap between photon rings
• Black hole bulk-cone singularities
• Quantum Gravity Effects around Sagittarius A*
• Possibility of Identifying Matter around Rotating Black Hole with Black Hole Shadow
• Properties of the Radio-Emitting Gas Around SgrA*
• Relative Astrometry of Compact Flaring Structures in Sgr A* with Polarimetric VLBI
• Radiative Transfer Along Rays in Curved Spacetimes
• Horizonless spacetimes as seen by present and next-generation Event Horizon Telescope arrays
• Quasinormal Modes and Optical Properties of 4-D black holes in Einstein Power-Yang-Mills Gravity
• Constraints via the Event Horizon Telescope for Black Hole Solutions with Dark Matter under the Generalized Uncertainty Principle Minimal Length Scale Effect
• Shadow of a dressed black hole and determination of spin and viewing angle
• Apparent and emergent dark matter around a Schwarzschild black hole
• An 86-GHz search for Pulsars in the Galactic Center with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
• Wada structures in a binary black hole system
• Effect of magnetized plasma on shadow and gravitational lensing of a Reissner-Nordström black hole
• Viewing Black Holes by Waves
• Probing Quadratic Gravity with the Event Horizon Telescope
• Prospects for AGN studies with ALMA
• The effect of scalar hair on the charged black hole with the images from accretions disk
• Anisotropic Generalized Polytropic Spheres: Regular 3D Black Holes
• Relative depolarization of the black hole photon ring in GRMHD models of Sgr A* and M87*
• Strong lensing and shadow of Ayon-Beato-Garcia (ABG) nonsingular black hole
• Radiative Models of Sagittarius A* and M87 from Relativistic MHD Simulations
• Exploring Nonlinear Electrodynamics Theories: Shadows of Regular Black Holes and Horizonless Ultra-Compact Objects
• Horizon-Penetrating Transonic Accretion Disks around Rotating Black Holes
• Strong Gravitational Lensing in a Charged Squashed Kaluza- Klein Black hole
• Shadows and photon rings of a spherically accreting Kehagias-Sfetsos black hole
• Gravitational lensing and shadow by a Schwarzschild-like black hole in metric-affine bumblebee gravity
• Charged black holes in non-linear Q-clouds with O(3) symmetry
• Vector theory of gravity: Universe without black holes and solution of dark energy problem
• Optical appearance of a thin-shell wormhole with a Hayward profile
• Testing Vector Gravity with Gravitational Wave Interferometers
• Black Hole Continuum Spectra as a Test of General Relativity: Quadratic Gravity
• To see invisible: image of the event horizon within the black hole shadow
• Strong Gravitational Lensing in a Charged Squashed Kaluza- Klein Gödel Black hole
• Polarization images of accretion flow around supermassive black holes: imprints of toroidal field structure
• Observational Signatures: Shadow cast by the effective metric of photons for black holes with rational non-linear electrodynamics
• High Resolution Radio Astronomy Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• Gravitational Lensing of a star by a rotating black hole
• Observational Testability of Kerr bound in X-ray Spectrum of Black-Hole Candidates
• Polarization Imaging of M87 Jets by General Relativistic Radiative Transfer Calculation based on GRMHD Simulations
• The Role of Magnetic Field Dissipation in the Black Hole Candidate Sgr A*
• Signatures of the accelerating black holes with a cosmological constant from the ${\text{Sgr A}}^{\star }$ and ${\text{M87}}^{\star }$ shadow prospects
• Spherical Skyrmion black holes as gravitational lenses
• First 230 GHz VLBI Fringes on 3C 279 using the APEX Telescope
• Kerr-Newman Black Holes in Weyl-Cartan Theory: Shadows and EHT constraints
• Observability of spherical photon orbits in near-extremal Kerr black holes
• Geodesic structure, shadow and optical appearance of black hole immersed in Chaplygin-like dark fluid
• Strong lensing by DHOST black holes
• Flares and their echoes can help distinguish photon rings from black holes with space-Earth very long baseline interferometry
• The fate of small classically stable Q-balls
• Accretion of matter onto black holes in massive gravity with Lorentz symmetry breaking
• Effect of gravitational wave on shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole
• Distinguishing an ejected blob from alternative flare models at the Galactic centre with GRAVITY
• Aberrational Effects for Shadows of Black Holes
• Observational properties of hot-spots orbiting relativistic fluid spheres
• Note on fundamental physics tests from black hole imaging: Comment on "Hunting for extra dimensions in the shadow of Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$"
• Testing General Relativity with High-Resolution Imaging of Sgr A*
• Black hole and cosmos with multiple horizons and multiple singularities in vector-tensor theories
• Cuspy and fractured black hole shadows in a toy model with axisymmetry
• Dynamical Photon Spheres in Charged Black Holes and Naked Singularities
• General relativistic effects and the near-infrared and X-ray variability of Sgr A* I
• Imaging black holes: past, present and future
• Gravitational Lensing in Kerr-Newman Anti de Sitter Spacetime
• Rotating Black Hole in Kalb-Ramond Gravity: Constraining Parameters by Comparison with EHT Observations of Sgr A* and M87*
• Shadow of the $5D$ Reissner-Nordström AdS Black Hole
• Probing spacetime around Sagittarius A* using modeled VLBI closure phases
• Testing black hole equatorial reflection symmetry using Sgr A* shadow images
• Black Holes Up Close
• Near-horizon geodesics of high-spin black holes
• Photon Emission from Circular Equatorial Kerr Orbiters
• Shadows near supermassive black holes: from a theoretical concept to GR test
• Seeing Black Holes : from the Computer to the Telescope
• Electromagnetic vs. Lense-Thirring alignment of black hole accretion discs
• On-Axis scalar absorption cross section of Kerr-Newman black holes: Geodesic analysis, sinc and low-frequency approximations
• Deflection of light by wormholes and its shadow due to dark matter within modified symmetric teleparallel gravity formalism
• GUP-corrected black holes: Thermodynamic properties, evaporation time and shadow constraint from EHT Observations of M87* and Sgr A*
• Shadow Geometry of Kerr Naked Singularities
• Black hole tidal charge constrained by strong gravitational lensing
• Testing horizon topology with electromagnetic observations
• Observability of the innermost stable circular orbit in a near-extremal Kerr black hole
• Twisting shadows: Light rings, lensing and shadows of black holes in swirling universes
• Jets and Rings in Images of Spinning Black Holes
• Weak Deflection Angle, Greybody Bound and Shadow for Charged Massive BTZ Black Hole
• Shadow thermodynamics of non-linear charged Anti-de Sitter black holes
• Optical Features of Rotating Black Hole with Nonlinear Electrodynamics
• MeqSilhouette v2: Spectrally-resolved polarimetric synthetic data generation for the Event Horizon Telescope
• The time delay in strong gravitational lensing with Gauss-Bonnet correction
• Uniqueness of non-trivial spherically symmetric black hole solution in special classes of F(R) gravitational theory
• Observational signatures of a static $f(R)$ black hole with thin accretion disk
• An Event Horizon Imager (EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry
• Shadows and rings of a de Sitter-Schwarzschild black hole
• The propagation delay in the timing of a pulsar orbiting a supermassive black hole
• Shadows and quasinormal modes of a charged non-commutative black hole by different methods
• Time delay induced by plasma in strong lens systems
• Black hole shadow and acceleration bounds for spherically symmetric spacetimes
• VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
• A catalogue sample of low mass galaxies observed in X-rays with central candidate black holes
• Measuring the Ellipticity of M 87* Images
• Traces of quantum gravitational correction at third-order curvature through the black hole shadow and particle deflection at the weak field limit
• Constraining modified gravity theories with scalar fields using black-hole images
• Light from Schwarzschild Black Holes in de Sitter expanding universe
• Micro-arcsecond structure of Sagittarius A* revealed by high-sensitivity 86 GHz VLBI observations
• Optical appearance of numerical black hole solutions in higher derivative gravity
• Determination of the spin parameter and the inclination angle by the relativistic images in black hole image
• Testing the Black Hole No-hair Theorem with Galactic Center Stellar Orbits
• Parameter estimation of Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson black holes using their shadows
• Thin accretion disk images of the black hole in symmergent gravity
• Shadow of the wormholelike static aether solution
• Distinguishing black holes with and without spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theories via optical features
• Constraints on the black-hole charges of M87* and Sagittarius A* by changing rates of photon spheres can be relaxed
• The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: History, Philosophy, and Culture
• Is Thermal Expansion Driving the Initial Gas Ejection in NGC 6251?
• Black Hole spin dependence of general relativistic multi-transonic accretion close to the horizon
• Exploring departures from Schwarzschild black hole in $f(R)$ gravity
• RAIKOU: A General Relativistic, Multi-wavelength Radiative Transfer Code
• Accreting Black Holes
• On integrability of geodesics in near-horizon extremal geometries: Case of Myers-Perry black holes in arbitrary dimensions
• Monitoring lensed starlight emitted close to the Galactic Center
• Constraining the Cardoso-Pani-Rico metric with future observations of SgrA${}^{\ast }$
• Gravitational signatures of a nonlinear electrodynamics in $f(R,T)$ gravity
• Multi-wavelength torus-jet model for Sgr~A*
• Shadow of a noncommutative inspired Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg black hole
• Theory and phenomenology of a four dimensional string-corrected black hole
• Spins of supermassive black holes M87* and SgrA* revealed from the size of dark spots in Event Horizon Telescope Images
• Braneworld Black Holes
• Imaging a semi-classical horizonless compact object with strong redshift
• Shadows aspect of rotating black holes in the Einstein-AdS SU(N)-nonlinear sigma model
• Shadows and parameter estimation of rotating quantum corrected black holes and constraints from EHT observation of M87* and Sgr A*
• A Balloon-Borne Very Long Baseline Interferometry Experiment in the Stratosphere: Systems Design and Developments
• Gravitational lensing by a stable rotating regular black hole
• Optical Appearance and Shadow of Kalb-Ramond Black Hole: Effects of Plasma and Accretion Models
• Seeing relativity -- I. Ray tracing in a Schwarzschild metric to explore the maximal analytic extension of the metric and making a proper rendering of the stars
• Motion of particles around a magnetically charged Euler-Heisenberg black hole with scalar hair and the Event Horizon Telescope
• Anisotropic radiation field and trapped photons around the Kerr black hole
• Extreme lensing induces spectro-temporal correlations in black-hole signals
• Compact objects in quadratic Palatini gravity generated by a free scalar field
• Strong Gravitational Lensing with Gauss-Bonnet correction
• Multi-Frequency Models of Black Hole Photon Rings from Low-Luminosity Accretion Disks
• Event-horizon-scale Imaging of M87* under Different Assumptions via Deep Generative Image Priors
• Winds and feedback from supermassive black holes accreting at low rates: Hydrodynamical treatment
• Massless Dirac Perturbations of black holes in f(Q) gravity: quasinormal modes and weak deflection angle
• Modulated X-ray Emissivity near the Stress Edge in Sgr A*
• Measuring Black Hole Light Echoes with Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• Forward Ray Tracing and Hot Spots in Kerr Spacetime
• Influence of Quantum Correction on Kerr Black Hole in Effective Loop Quantum Gravity via Shadows and EHT Results
• Direct time radio variability induced by non-axisymmetric standing accretion shock instability: implications for M87
• Superradiant scattering of electromagnetic waves emitted from disk around Kerr black holes
• Black hole shadow and Wandering null geodesics
• The shadow of a collapsing dark star
• Interferometry of black holes with Hawking radiation
• Regular scale-dependent black holes as gravitational lenses
• Black Hole Shadow Observations with Space-Ground Interferometers
• Illuminating Black Hole Shadow with Dark Matter Annihilation
• Gravity versus astrophysics in black hole images and photon rings: Equatorial emissions and spherically symmetric space-times
• Note on constants of motion in conformal mechanics associated with near horizon extremal Myers-Perry black holes
• Testing thermodynamic laws and weak cosmic censorship conjecture of conformal anomaly corrected AdS black hole
• Shadows of Kerr-Vaidya-like black holes
• Physical origin of the dark spot at the image of supermassive black hole SgrA* revealed by the EHT collaboration
• Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
• Multimodal signatures of asymptotic (A)dS Kalb-Ramond black holes: Constraints through the shadow, weak deflection angle, and topological photon spheres
• Selected spherical photon orbits around a deformed Kerr black hole
• An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
• Oscillating axion bubbles as alternative to supermassive black holes at galactic centers
• Approaching the event horizon: 1.3mm VLBI of SgrA*
• Solar System-scale interferometry on fast radio bursts could measure cosmic distances with sub-percent precision
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• Imaging the event horizon of M87* from space on different timescales
• Analyzing the effect of higher dimensions on the black hole silhouette, deflection angles, and PINN approximated quasinormal modes
• Testing black holes with cosmological constant in Einstein-bumblebee gravity through the black hole shadow using EHT data and deflection angle
• Modified Kerr black holes surrounded by dark matter spike
• Remarks on the light ring images and the optical appearance of hairy black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity
• Topological dyonic black holes of massive gravity with generalized quasitopological electromagnetism
• Imaging fermionic dark matter cores at the center of galaxies
• Astrophysical and electromagnetic emissivity properties of black holes surrounded by a quintessence type exotic fluid in the Scalar-Vector-Tensor Modified Gravity
• Expanding Sgr A* dynamical imaging capabilities with an African extension to the Event Horizon Telescope
• Optical appearance of the Schwarzschild black hole in the string cloud context
• Gravitational lensing and shadow of charged black holes in the low-energy limit of string theory
• Reconstruction of Static Black Hole Images Using Simple Geometric Forms
• High-resolution Millimeter-VLBI Imaging of Sgr A*
• General Relativistic Magnetoionic Theory
• Image of Quantum Improved Regular Kerr Black Hole and Parameter Constraints from EHT Observations
• Climbing out of the shadows: building the distance ladder with black hole images
• Regular Black Hole Models in the Transition from Baryonic Matter to Quark Matter
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope II. The Zingularity framework for Bayesian artificial neural networks
• Effect of quantum deformed black hole on BH shadow in two-dimensional Dilaton gravity
• Determining parameters of a spherical black hole with a thin accretion disk by observing its shadow
• SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline
• Never bet against Einstein
• Light from Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter black holes
• Traces of quantum fuzziness on the black hole shadow and particle deflection in the multi-fractional theory of gravity
• Sgr A* as probe of the theory of supermassive compact objects without event horizon
• Is the Carter-Israel conjecture correct?
• Gravitational Lensing from a Spacetime Perspective
• Synchrotron emitting Komissarov torus around naked singularities
• Shadows and optical appearance of black bounces illuminated by a thin accretion disk
• Observational features of reflection asymmetric black holes
• Scalar scattering from charged black holes on the brane
• Optical images of the Kerr-Sen black hole and thin accretion disk
• Shadows of a generic class of spherically symmetric, static spacetimes
• A First-Order Eikonal Framework for Quasinormal Modes, Shadows, Strong Lensing, and Grey-Body Factors in a Scalarized Black-Hole Metric
• Testing General Relativity in the Strong-Field Regime with Observations of Black Holes in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Shadow of Kerr black hole surrounded by a cloud of strings in Rastall gravity and constraints from M87*
• 3D Photon Conserving Code for Time-dependent General Relativistic Radiative Transfer : CARTOON
• The static charged black holes with Weyl corrections
• Greenland Telescope Project --- Direct Confirmation of Black Hole with Sub-millimeter VLBI
• Synchrotron emitting Komissarov torus with magnetic polarization around Kerr black holes
• Impact of the nonthermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A*
• The surface geometry and shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with halo
• Aberration effect on lower-order images of thin accretion disk in the astrometric approach
• Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*
• Overlapping of photon rings in black hole imaging
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Shadow of higher dimensional collapsing dark star and blackhole
• Testing the Existence of Event Horizons against Rotating Reflecting Surfaces
• Gravitational Black Hole Shadow Spectroscopy
• Shadow of quadrupole-deformed compact objects in a local dark matter shell
• The usability of the optical parametric amplification of light for high-angular-resolution imaging and fast astrometry
• Shadow of axisymmetric, stationary and asymptotically flat black holes in the presence of plasma
• Shadow analysis of an approximate rotating black hole solution with weakly coupled global monopole charge
• The Jet in the Galactic Center: An Ideal Laboratory for Magnetohydrodynamics and General Relativity
• Semiclassical bremsstrahlung from a charge radially falling into a Schwarzschild black hole
• Shedding Light on Gravity: Black Hole Shadows and Lensing Signatures in Lorentz Gauge Theory
• Seeing Relativity -- III. Journeying within the Kerr metric toward the negative gravity region
• Wave optics and weak gravitational lensing of lights from spherically symmetric static scalar vector Brans Dicke black holes in presence of the cosmological constant
• Strong-deflection expansion of the deflection angle near a degenerate photon sphere
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• Shadows of Lorentzian traversable wormholes
• Accretion of matter of a new bumblebee black hole
• Tidal forces around the Letelier-Alencar cloud of strings black hole
• Shadow Ringing of Black Holes from Photon Sphere Quasinormal Modes
• The Galactic Center
• Seeing relativity -- II. Revisiting and visualizing the Reissner-Nordström metric
• Shadow of black holes with a plasma environment in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Black hole solutions in Cotton gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics
• Asymptotically-Flat Black Hole Solutions in Symmergent Gravity
• Shadows cast by a class of rotating black bounces with an anisotropic fluid
• Assessing the Role of Intrinsic Variability in Black Hole Parameter Inference using Multi-Epoch EHT Data
• On the prospects of imaging Sagittarius A* from space
• SgrA* emission at 7mm: variability and periodicity
• An FPGA based Phased Array Processor for the Sub-Millimeter Array
• Effects of non-vanishing dark matter pressure in the Milky Way galaxy
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• Regular Black Holes in General Relativity from Nonlinear Electrodynamics with de Sitter Cores
• Constraints on the $\gamma$-parameter for the vacuum solution of Cotton gravity with geodesics and shadows
• Polarimetric Imaging of Sgr A* in its Flaring State
• Geodesic dynamics and multi-inclination images of a non-minimally coupled black hole with a thin accretion disk
• Characterization of black hole accretion through image moment invariants
• Microlensing Black Hole Shadows
• Horizon-Brightened Acceleration Radiation and Optical Signatures of Generic Regular Black Holes from Nonlinear Electrodynamics
• Revisiting The Gravitational Mirroring In Presence of Compact Objects
• Shadow of rotating black holes with consistent thermodynamics
• Charge constraint on M87* with twisted light
• Gravitational aspects of a new bumblebee black hole
• Why Do You Think It is a Black Hole?
• The Core-shift of Sagittarius A* as a Discriminant between Disk and Jet Emission Models with millimeter-VLBI
• Shadow cast by a rotating black hole with anisotropic matter
• Probing Weak-Force Corrections to Black Hole Geometry via Long Range Potentials: Feinberg-Sucher and Ferrer-Nowakowski Potentials
• Decoding a black hole metric from the interferometric pattern of the relativistic images of a compact source
• Shadow of black holes at local and cosmological distances
• Visible shapes of black holes M87* and SgrA*
• Bounds on the photon sphere radius for spherically symmetric black holes in n-dimensional Einstein gravity
• Light deflection in axially symmetric stationary spacetimes filled with a moving medium
• PATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
• Tidal perturbations of an extreme mass ratio inspiral around a Kerr black hole
• Beyond Sgr A* and M87*: Sub-Microarcsecond Black Hole Shadow Detection via Lunar-based Extremely Long Baseline Interferometry
• Shadows of Giants: Constraints on Stupendously Large Black Holes from Negative Sources against the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Multi-ring images of thin accretion disk of a regular naked compact object
• Light ring images of double photon spheres in black hole and wormhole space-times
• How narrow is the M87* ring? I. The choice of closure likelihood function
• Wormholes in Poincarè gauge theory of gravity
• Analytical approach for calculating shadow of dynamical black hole
• Black hole shadows in nonminimally coupled Weyl connection gravity
• Strong deflection of massive particles via the geodesic deviation equation
• Shadows of naked singularities and superspinars related to the revisited Kerr-de Sitter spacetimes
• General relativistic radiation transport: Implications for VLBI/EHT observations of AGN discs, winds and jets
• Probing the disk-jet coupling in M87
• The Nature of Black Hole Shadows