Black Hole Based Tests of General Relativity

Abstract

General relativity has passed all solar system experiments and neutron star based tests, such as binary pulsar observations, with flying colors. A more exotic arena for testing general relativity is in systems that contain one or more black holes. Black holes are the most compact objects in the universe, providing probes of the strongest-possible gravitational fields. We are motivated to study strong-field gravity since many theories give large deviations from general relativity only at large field strengths, while recovering the weak-field behavior. In this article, we review how one can probe general relativity and various alternative theories of gravity by using electromagnetic waves from a black hole with an accretion disk, and gravitational waves from black hole binaries. We first review model-independent ways of testing gravity with electromagnetic/gravitational waves from a black hole system. We then focus on selected examples of theories that extend general relativity in rather simple ways. Some important characteristics of general relativity include (but are not limited to) (i) only tensor gravitational degrees of freedom, (ii) the graviton is massless, (iii) no quadratic or higher curvatures in the action, and (iv) the theory is 4 dimensional. Altering a characteristic leads to a different extension of general relativity: (i) scalar-tensor theories, (ii) massive gravity theories, (iii) quadratic gravity, and (iv) theories with large extra dimensions. Within each theory, we describe black hole solutions, their properties, and current and projected constraints on each theory using black hole-based tests of gravity. We close this review by listing some of the open problems in model-independent tests and within each specific theory.

arXiv comment95 pages, 11 figures; a nomenclature for the braneworld BH conjecture corrected, references added and updated; Invited review article to the Focus Issue on "Black holes and fundamental fields" published in Classical and Quantum Gravity

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• Possible golden events for ringdown gravitational waves
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• A Precision Test for an Extra Spatial Dimension Using Black Hole--Pulsar Binaries
• X-ray Probes of Black Hole Accretion Disks for Testing the No-Hair Theorem
• Testing General Relativity with LISA including Spin Precession and Higher Harmonics in the Waveform
• Axisymmetric stationary solutions with arbitrary multipole moments
• Determination of the equation of the state of the Universe using ~ 0.1 Hz Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Completing Lorentz violating massive gravity at high energies
• Constraining the size of the dark region around the M87 black hole by space-VLBI observations
• X-ray spectropolarimetric measurements of the Kerr metric
• Gravitational wave diagnosis of a circumbinary disk
• Constraining the Cardoso-Pani-Rico metric with future observations of SgrA${}^{\ast }$
• Supermassive Black Hole Tests of General Relativity with eLISA
• Corotation Resonance and Diskoseismology Modes of Black Hole Accretion Disks
• Apparent universality of semiclassical gravity in the far field limit
• Multipole moments of bumpy black holes

Cited by in corpus (150)

• Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1
• Science with the space-based interferometer LISA. V: Extreme mass-ratio inspirals
• Theoretical Physics Implications of the Binary Black-Hole Mergers GW150914 and GW151226
• Dynamical Boson Stars
• Progenitors of gravitational wave mergers: Binary evolution with the stellar grid-based code ComBinE
• Approximate Universal Relations for Neutron Stars and Quark Stars
• New Horizons for Fundamental Physics with LISA
• A recipe for echoes from exotic compact objects
• Graviton Mass Bounds
• Theory-Agnostic Constraints on Black-Hole Dipole Radiation with Multi-Band Gravitational-Wave Astrophysics
• Gravitational waves from extreme-mass-ratio systems in astrophysical environments
• Black holes and binary mergers in scalar Gauss-Bonnet gravity: scalar field dynamics
• Dark Energy in light of Multi-Messenger Gravitational-Wave astronomy
• Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Black hole mimicker hiding in the shadow: Optical properties of the $\gamma$-metric
• The Tune of Love and the Nature(ness) of Spacetime
• Electromagnetic Counterparts to Massive Black Hole Mergers
• Dynamical descalarization in binary black hole mergers
• Black hole hair formation in shift-symmetric generalised scalar-tensor gravity
• Astrophysical Wormholes
• Imaging compact boson stars with hot-spots and thin accretion disks
• Post-Newtonian Gravitational and Scalar Waves in Scalar-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Iron K$\alpha$ line of Kerr black holes with scalar hair
• Quasinormal modes of slowly-rotating black holes in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity
• Perturbations of spinning black holes beyond General Relativity: Modified Teukolsky equation
• Beyond the Standard Model Explanations of GW190521
• Parametrized ringdown spin expansion coefficients: a data-analysis framework for black-hole spectroscopy with multiple events
• Charged particle motion and electromagnetic field in $\gamma$ spacetime
• Post-Kerr black hole spectroscopy
• Towards precision tests of general relativity with black hole X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Can the dynamics of test particles around charged stringy black holes mimic the spin of Kerr black holes?
• Constraints on the spacetime metric around seven "bare" AGNs using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Enhancing modified gravity detection from gravitational-wave observations using the Parametrized ringdown spin expansion coefficients formalism
• Shadows and negative precession in non-Kerr spacetime
• Speed of gravitational waves and black hole hair
• Implications of the Gravitational Wave Event GW150914
• Testing conformal gravity with astrophysical black holes
• Testing conformal gravity with the supermassive black hole in 1H0707-495
• Geodesic models of quasi-periodic-oscillations as probes of quadratic gravity
• Testing General Relativity with NuSTAR data of Galactic Black Holes
• Towards numerical relativity in scalar Gauss-Bonnet gravity: 3+1 decomposition beyond the small-coupling limit
• Motion of Particles and Gravitational Lensing Around (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes in Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Mass and spin of a Kerr black hole in modified gravity and a test of the Kerr black hole hypothesis
• Testing the Kerr metric with the iron line and the KRZ parametrization
• Compact objects in Horndeski gravity
• Quasi-normal mode frequencies and gravitational perturbations of black holes with any subextremal spin in modified gravity through METRICS: the scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity case
• Rotating black holes without ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ symmetry and their shadow images
• A study of the strong gravity region of the black hole in GS 1354-645
• Scalar perturbations on the background of Kerr black holes in the quadratic dynamical Chern-Simons gravity
• The tune of the universe: the role of plasma in tests of strong-field gravity
• Blandford-Znajek mechanism in black holes in alternative theories of gravity
• Iron K$\alpha$ line of boson stars
• Spectroscopic analysis of stellar mass black-hole mergers in our local universe with ground-based gravitational wave detectors
• Optical appearance of black holes surrounded by a dark matter halo
• Fusing numerical relativity and deep learning to detect higher-order multipole waveforms from eccentric binary black hole mergers
• Effective Field Theory of Black Hole Echoes
• Spectral method for metric perturbations of black holes: Kerr background case in general relativity
• Spectral Method for the Gravitational Perturbations of Black Holes: Schwarzschild Background Case
• Observational imprints of gravastars from accretion disks and hot-spots
• Numerical-relativity simulations of the quasi-circular inspiral and merger of non-spinning, charged black holes: methods and comparison with approximate approaches
• Exploring strong-field deviations from general relativity via gravitational waves
• Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis with GRS 1716-249 by combining the continuum-fitting and the iron-line methods
• Testing general relativity with the stellar-mass black hole in LMC X-1 using the continuum-fitting method
• XSPEC model for testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis using the continuum-fitting method
• Testing black holes in non-linear electrodynamics from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations
• Superradiance in Kerr-like black holes
• Square Peg in a Circular Hole: Choosing the Right Ansatz for Isolated Black Holes in Generic Gravitational Theories
• Spatial dispersion of light rays propagating through a plasma in Kerr spacetime
• Model independent tests of the Kerr bound with extreme mass ratio inspirals
• Gravitational perturbations of a Kerr black hole in $f(R)$ gravity
• Testing the Kerr hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy with NuSTAR data of Cygnus X-1 in the soft state
• Pulsar timing in extreme mass ratio binaries: a general relativistic approach
• Looking for extra dimensions in the observed quasi-periodic oscillations of black holes
• Testing regular black holes with X-ray and GW data
• New black hole solutions with a dynamical traceless nonmetricity tensor in Metric-Affine Gravity
• Distinguishing black holes and naked singularities with iron line spectroscopy
• About the Kerr nature of the stellar-mass black hole in GRS 1915+105
• Detection of scalar fields by Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals with a Kerr black hole
• Testing General Relativity with black hole X-ray data: a progress report
• Quasinormal mode frequencies and gravitational perturbations of spinning black holes in modified gravity through METRICS: The dynamical Chern-Simons gravity case
• Stability analysis of Schwarzschild black holes in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity
• Gaussian Processes for Glitch-robust Gravitational-wave Astronomy
• Calculation of multipole moments of axistationary electrovacuum spacetimes
• Observational properties of hot-spots orbiting relativistic fluid spheres
• Constraining the Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko deformation parameters II: limits from stellar-mass black hole X-ray data
• Constraining the Johannsen deformation parameter ${\epsilon }_3$ with black hole X-ray data
• Generating Rotating Spacetime in Ricci-Based Gravity: Naked Singularity as a Black Hole Mimicker
• RELXILL_NK: a relativistic reflection model for testing Einstein's gravity
• Chaos in Quadratic Gravity
• Experimental Relativity with Accretion Disk Observations
• Iron line spectroscopy of black holes in asymptotically safe gravity
• Gravitational atoms in the braneworld scenario
• Accretion disks and relativistic line broadening in boson star spacetimes
• Advances in Machine and Deep Learning for Modeling and Real-time Detection of Multi-Messenger Sources
• Testing the Kerr metric with X-ray Reflection Spectroscopy of Mrk 335 Suzaku data
• Two new approaches to the anomalous limit of Brans-Dicke to Einstein gravity
• Constraining phantom braneworld model from cosmic structure sizes
• Parametrized post-Newtonian limit of generalized scalar-nonmetricity theories of gravity
• Constraining the Kerr parameters via X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Gravitational metamaterials from optical properties of spacetime media
• Deciphering signatures of Bardeen black holes from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations
• Testing the Weak Equivalence Principle near black holes
• Curved accretion disks around rotating black holes without reflection symmetry
• Shining Light on Quantum Gravity with Pulsar-Black Hole Binaries
• Super-spinning compact objects and models of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations observed in Galactic microquasars. II. Forced resonances
• Hunting for extra dimensions in black hole shadows
• Testing the Kerr metric using X-ray reflection spectroscopy: spectral analysis of GX 339-4
• Beyond general relativity: designing a template-based search for exotic gravitational wave signals
• Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin
• Accretion flow in deformed Kerr spacetime: Spectral energy distributions from free-free emission
• Cosmological screening and the phantom braneworld model
• Electromagnetic signatures of strong-field gravity from accreting black holes
• Kicks in charged black hole binaries
• Radio timing in a millisecond pulsar-extreme/intermediate mass ratio binary system
• Gravitational Burst Radiation from Pulsars in the Galactic centre and stellar clusters
• Testing the $\delta$-Kerr metric with black hole X-ray data
• Exploring higher order images with Fe K_α-lines from relativistic disks: black hole spin determination and bias
• Signatures of Einstein-Maxwell dilaton-axion gravity from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations in black holes
• Testing Ghasemi-Nodehi-Bambi metric parameters with quasi-periodic oscillations
• Stealth black holes in Aether Scalar Tensor theory
• Conservative Dynamics of Relativistic Binaries Beyond Einstein Gravity
• Constraining the rotating Simpson-Visser spacetime from the observed quasi-periodic oscillations in black holes
• Null Gravitational Redshift by a Reissner-Nordström Black Hole in the Strong Field Limit
• About the (in)equivalence between holonomic versus non-holonomic theories of gravity
• Mass Distribution and "Mass Gap" of Compact Stellar Remnants in Binary Systems
• Testing Regular Black Holes with X-ray data of GX 339-4
• Testing General Relativity with black hole X-ray data
• Quasi-normal modes of slowly-rotating Johannsen black holes
• Testing Ghasemi-Nodehi-Bambi spacetime with continuum-fitting method
• Signal-to-noise Ratio Analytic Formulae of the Inspiral Binary Black Holes in TianQin
• Calibrating approximate Bayesian credible intervals of gravitational-wave parameters
• Novel black holes with scalar hair in the Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar Theory with positive coupling
• A Parametrized Test of General Relativity for LISA Massive Black Hole Binary Inspirals
• On double-black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory in five dimensions
• Space-based Gravitational Wave Observatories
• Quasilocal mass and multipole expansion in scalar-tensor gravity
• Tests of General Relativity using black hole X-ray data
• Regular Black Hole Cores via Gravitational Evanescence of Collapsing Matter
• About the ability of agnostic X-ray tests of the Kerr Hypothesis to discover new physics
• Iron line reverberation mapping in Ghasemi-Nodehi-Bambi background
• The landscape of massive black-hole spectroscopy with LISA and Einstein Telescope
• Manifestation of Quantum Forces in Spacetime: Towards a General Theory of Quantum Forces
• $\kappa$-General-Relativity II: An Astrophysical Observable from a 2-Body system
• Investigating the interplay of the braneworld gravity and the plasma environment on the black hole shadow
• Searching for Isolated Black Hole Candidates within 15 pc of the Solar System in Gaia DR3
• Testing non-circular black hole spacetime with X-ray reflection
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Rotational Curves of the Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy in Light of Vacuum Polarization around Eicheon
• Holographic Conformal Anomaly and a-Theorem in 5D Scalar-Tensor Theories from Heterotic Strings
• Constraining the Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko deformation parameters III: limits from stellar-mass black holes using gravitational-wave observations