The Masses and Spins of Neutron Stars and Stellar-Mass Black Holes

Abstract

Stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars represent extremes in gravity, density, and magnetic fields. They therefore serve as key objects in the study of multiple frontiers of physics. In addition, their origin (mainly in core-collapse supernovae) and evolution (via accretion or, for neutron stars, magnetic spindown and reconfiguration) touch upon multiple open issues in astrophysics. In this review, we discuss current mass and spin measurements and their reliability for neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes, as well as the overall importance of spins and masses for compact object astrophysics. Current masses are obtained primarily through electromagnetic observations of binaries, although future microlensing observations promise to enhance our understanding substantially. The spins of neutron stars are straightforward to measure for pulsars, but the birth spins of neutron stars are more difficult to determine. In contrast, even the current spins of stellar-mass black holes are challenging to measure. As we discuss, major inroads have been made in black hole spin estimates via analysis of iron lines and continuum emission, with reasonable agreement when both types of estimate are possible for individual objects, and future X-ray polarization measurements may provide additional independent information. We conclude by exploring the exciting prospects for mass and spin measurements from future gravitational wave detections, which are expected to revolutionize our understanding of strong gravity and compact objects.

arXiv comment97 pages, 5 figures, solicited review for Physics Reports

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• Black hole spin: theory and observation
• The Gravitational Wave Universe Toolbox: A software package to simulate observation of the Gravitational Wave Universe with different detectors
• Spin and Accretion Rate Dependence of Black Hole X-Ray Spectra
• Modeling uncertainties in X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements II: Impact of the radiation from the plunging region
• The Missing Link Between Black Holes in High-Mass X-ray Binaries and Gravitational-Wave Sources: Observational Selection Effects
• The impact of surface temperature inhomogeneities on quiescent neutron star radius measurements
• Distinguishing double neutron star from neutron star-black hole binary populations with gravitational wave observations
• Measuring the properties of nearly extremal black holes with gravitational waves
• Black Hole Continuum Spectra as a Test of General Relativity: Quadratic Gravity
• Formation of low-spinning 100 Msun black holes
• Can the Slow-Rotation Approximation be used in Electromagnetic Observations of Black Holes?
• Evolution of Spin Period and Magnetic Field of the Crab Pulsar: Decay of the Braking Index by the Particle Wind Flow Torque
• Rapid population synthesis of black-hole high-mass X-ray binaries: implications for binary stellar evolution
• Common origin for black holes in both high mass X-ray binaries and gravitational-wave sources
• Singularity-free black holes in conformal gravity: new observational constraints
• Testing Blandford-Znajek mechanism in black hole hyperaccretion flows for long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Rapidly rotating neutron star progenitors
• Universal behavior of compact star based upon gravitational binding energy
• Spin evolution of a proto-neutron star
• Twisted light, a new tool for General Relativity and beyond
• Neutron Star QPOs from Oscillating, Precessing Hot, Thick Flow
• Implications for the hierarchy problem, inflation and geodesic motion from fiber fabric of spacetime
• A geometric origin for quasi-periodic oscillations in black hole X-ray binaries
• Accretion of matter and spectra of Binary X-ray sources in Massive Gravity
• XRB continuum fitting with sensitive high energy X-ray detectors
• Correlations between the frequencies of twin kHz QPOs and spins of neutron stars in LMXBs
• Unwrapping the X-ray Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the large apparent black hole spin-orbit misalignment angle in GW200115
• A Spectroscopic Angle on Central Engine Size Scales in Accreting Neutron Stars
• Natal kicks of compact objects
• Misaligned Spin Merging Black Holes in Modified Gravity (MOG)
• The Black Hole Candidate Swift J1728.9$-$3613 and the Supernova Remnant G351.9$-$0.9
• The kHz QPOs as a probe of the X-ray color-color diagram and accretion-disk structure for the atoll source 4U 1728-34
• Reflecting on naked singularities: iron line fitting as a probe of the cosmic censorship conjecture
• X-ray spectropolarimetric characterization of the Z-source GX 340+0 in the normal branch
• Null Gravitational Redshift by a Reissner-Nordström Black Hole in the Strong Field Limit
• Neutron star under homotopy perturbation method
• On Ultra-long Period (53.8 min) Pulsar ASKAP J1935+2148: Coherent Radio Emission Triggered by Local Superstrong Magnetic Reconnection
• First joint observation by the underground gravitational-wave detector, KAGRA, with GEO600
• Early evolution of newly born proto-neutron stars
• Binary X-ray sources in massive Brans-Dicke gravity
• Small Spins of Primordial Black Holes from Random Geometries: Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy and Gravitational Wave Observations
• IXPE view of the Sco-like source GX 349+2 in the normal branch
• Detectability and Parameter Estimation for Einstein Telescope Configurations with GWJulia
• Estimating the black hole mass of NGC1313 X-1 based on the spectral and timing properties
• On the Calculation of the Fe K-alpha Line Emissivity of Black Hole Accretion Disks
• Impact of tides on non-coplanar orbits of progenitors of high-mass X-ray binaries
• Interactions of Type I X-ray Bursts with Thin Accretion Discs
• Where are Gaia's small black holes?
• The Spin and Orientation of the Black Hole in XTE J1908$+$094
• Spin-induced motion in black hole spacetime